{"id":26656,"date":"2024-01-03T21:36:58","date_gmt":"2024-01-03T19:36:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/hho-bulgaria.com\/h2-water-intake-and-running-performance\/"},"modified":"2024-01-29T21:25:55","modified_gmt":"2024-01-29T19:25:55","slug":"h2-water-intake-and-running-performance","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/hho-bulgaria.com\/en\/h2-water-intake-and-running-performance\/","title":{"rendered":"H2 Water Intake and Running Performance"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"jig-ncbiinpagenav\" data-jigconfig=\"smoothScroll: false, allHeadingLevels: ['h2'], headingExclude: ':hidden,.nomenu'\" id=\"ui-ncbiinpagenav-1\">\n<div class=\"fm-sec half_rhythm no_top_margin\">\n<div class=\"fm-flexbox\">\n<div class=\"fm-citation\">\n<div class=\"citation-default\">\n<div class=\"part1\"><span role=\"menubar\"><a href=\"#\" role=\"menuitem\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">PLoS One.<\/a><\/span> 2022; 17(12): e0279307. <\/div>\n<div class=\"part2\"><span class=\"fm-vol-iss-date\">Published online 2022 Dec 20. <\/span>  <span class=\"doi\"><span>doi:&nbsp;<\/span><a href=\"\/\/doi.org\/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0279307\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" ref=\"reftype=other&amp;article-id=9767360&amp;issue-id=422737&amp;journal-id=440&amp;FROM=Article%7CFront%20Matter&amp;TO=Content%20Provider%7CCrosslink%7CDOI\">10.1371\/journal.pone.0279307<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fm-ids\">\n<div class=\"fm-citation-pmcid\"><span class=\"fm-citation-ids-label\">PMCID: <\/span><span>PMC9767360<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"fm-citation-pmid\">PMID: <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/36538554\">36538554<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h1 class=\"content-title\">Acute pre-exercise hydrogen rich water intake does not improve running performance at maximal aerobic speed in trained track and field runners: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study<\/h1>\n<div class=\"half_rhythm\">\n<div class=\"contrib-group fm-author\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/?term=Valenta%20M%5BAuthor%5D\" class=\"affpopup\" co-rid=\"_co_idm139970793155072\" co-class=\"co-affbox\">Michal Valenta<\/a>, <span class=\"fm-role\">Conceptualization<\/span>, <span class=\"fm-role\">Data curation<\/span>, <span class=\"fm-role\">Funding acquisition<\/span>, <span class=\"fm-role\">Investigation<\/span>, <span class=\"fm-role\">Methodology<\/span>, <span class=\"fm-role\">Project administration<\/span>, <span class=\"fm-role\">Writing \u2013 original draft<\/span>,<sup><br \/>\n1<br \/>\n<\/sup> <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/?term=Botek%20M%5BAuthor%5D\" class=\"affpopup\" co-rid=\"_co_idm139970783943536\" co-class=\"co-affbox\">Michal Botek<\/a>, <span class=\"fm-role\">Conceptualization<\/span>, <span class=\"fm-role\">Data curation<\/span>, <span class=\"fm-role\">Investigation<\/span>, <span class=\"fm-role\">Methodology<\/span>, <span class=\"fm-role\">Supervision<\/span>, <span class=\"fm-role\">Writing \u2013 original draft<\/span>,<sup><br \/>\n1<br \/>\n<\/sup> <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/?term=Krej\u010d\u00ed%20J%5BAuthor%5D\" class=\"affpopup\" co-rid=\"_co_idm139970793132096\" co-class=\"co-affbox\">Jakub Krej\u010d\u00ed<\/a>, <span class=\"fm-role\">Data curation<\/span>, <span class=\"fm-role\">Formal analysis<\/span>, <span class=\"fm-role\">Investigation<\/span>, <span class=\"fm-role\">Methodology<\/span>, <span class=\"fm-role\">Visualization<\/span>, <span class=\"fm-role\">Writing \u2013 review &amp; editing<\/span>,<sup><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/corehtml\/pmc\/pmcgifs\/corrauth.gif\" alt=\"corresponding author\"><\/sup><sup><br \/>\n1<br \/>\n,<\/sup><sup>*<\/sup> <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/?term=McKune%20A%5BAuthor%5D\" class=\"affpopup\" co-rid=\"_co_idm139970793124880\" co-class=\"co-affbox\">Andrew McKune<\/a>, <span class=\"fm-role\">Formal analysis<\/span>, <span class=\"fm-role\">Writing \u2013 review &amp; editing<\/span>,<sup><br \/>\n2<br \/>\n,<\/sup><sup><br \/>\n3<br \/>\n<\/sup> <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/?term=Sl\u00e1de\u010dkov\u00e1%20B%5BAuthor%5D\" class=\"affpopup\" co-rid=\"_co_idm139970793119504\" co-class=\"co-affbox\">Barbora Sl\u00e1de\u010dkov\u00e1<\/a>, <span class=\"fm-role\">Investigation<\/span>, <span class=\"fm-role\">Writing \u2013 review &amp; editing<\/span>,<sup><br \/>\n1<br \/>\n<\/sup> <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/?term=Neuls%20F%5BAuthor%5D\" class=\"affpopup\" co-rid=\"_co_idm139970793116064\" co-class=\"co-affbox\">Filip Neuls<\/a>, <span class=\"fm-role\">Investigation<\/span>, <span class=\"fm-role\">Writing \u2013 review &amp; editing<\/span>,<sup><br \/>\n1<br \/>\n<\/sup> <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/?term=Bajgar%20R%5BAuthor%5D\" class=\"affpopup\" co-rid=\"_co_idm139970793112624\" co-class=\"co-affbox\">Robert Bajgar<\/a>, <span class=\"fm-role\">Investigation<\/span>, <span class=\"fm-role\">Writing \u2013 review &amp; editing<\/span>,<sup><br \/>\n4<br \/>\n,<\/sup><sup><br \/>\n5<br \/>\n<\/sup> and  <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/?term=Klime\u0161ov\u00e1%20I%5BAuthor%5D\" class=\"affpopup\" co-rid=\"_co_idm139970793108064\" co-class=\"co-affbox\">Iva Klime\u0161ov\u00e1<\/a>, <span class=\"fm-role\">Investigation<\/span>, <span class=\"fm-role\">Writing \u2013 review &amp; editing<\/span><sup><br \/>\n1<br \/>\n<\/sup><\/div>\n<div style=\"display:none\" class=\"contrib-group aff-tip\">\n<div id=\"_co_idm139970793155072\">\n<h3 class=\"no_margin\">Michal Valenta<\/h3>\n<p><sup>1<\/sup><br \/>\nDepartment of Natural Sciences in Kinanthropology, Faculty of Physical Culture, Palack\u00fd University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic<\/p>\n<div>Find articles by <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/?term=Valenta%20M%5BAuthor%5D\">Michal Valenta<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"_co_idm139970783943536\">\n<h3 class=\"no_margin\">Michal Botek<\/h3>\n<p><sup>1<\/sup><br \/>\nDepartment of Natural Sciences in Kinanthropology, Faculty of Physical Culture, Palack\u00fd University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic<\/p>\n<div>Find articles by <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/?term=Botek%20M%5BAuthor%5D\">Michal Botek<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"_co_idm139970793132096\">\n<h3 class=\"no_margin\">Jakub Krej\u010d\u00ed<\/h3>\n<p><sup>1<\/sup><br \/>\nDepartment of Natural Sciences in Kinanthropology, Faculty of Physical Culture, Palack\u00fd University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic<\/p>\n<div>Find articles by <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/?term=Krej\u010d\u00ed%20J%5BAuthor%5D\">Jakub Krej\u010d\u00ed<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"_co_idm139970793124880\">\n<h3 class=\"no_margin\">Andrew McKune<\/h3>\n<p><sup>2<\/sup><br \/>\nResearch Institute for Sport and Exercise (UCRISE), University of Canberra, Bruce, Australia<\/p>\n<p><sup>3<\/sup><br \/>\nDiscipline of Biokinetics, Exercise and Leisure Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa<\/p>\n<div>Find articles by <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/?term=McKune%20A%5BAuthor%5D\">Andrew McKune<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"_co_idm139970793119504\">\n<h3 class=\"no_margin\">Barbora Sl\u00e1de\u010dkov\u00e1<\/h3>\n<p><sup>1<\/sup><br \/>\nDepartment of Natural Sciences in Kinanthropology, Faculty of Physical Culture, Palack\u00fd University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic<\/p>\n<div>Find articles by <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/?term=Sl\u00e1de\u010dkov\u00e1%20B%5BAuthor%5D\">Barbora Sl\u00e1de\u010dkov\u00e1<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"_co_idm139970793116064\">\n<h3 class=\"no_margin\">Filip Neuls<\/h3>\n<p><sup>1<\/sup><br \/>\nDepartment of Natural Sciences in Kinanthropology, Faculty of Physical Culture, Palack\u00fd University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic<\/p>\n<div>Find articles by <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/?term=Neuls%20F%5BAuthor%5D\">Filip Neuls<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"_co_idm139970793112624\">\n<h3 class=\"no_margin\">Robert Bajgar<\/h3>\n<p><sup>4<\/sup><br \/>\nDepartment of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palack\u00fd University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic<\/p>\n<p><sup>5<\/sup><br \/>\nInstitute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palack\u00fd University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic<\/p>\n<div>Find articles by <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/?term=Bajgar%20R%5BAuthor%5D\">Robert Bajgar<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"_co_idm139970793108064\">\n<h3 class=\"no_margin\">Iva Klime\u0161ov\u00e1<\/h3>\n<p><sup>1<\/sup><br \/>\nDepartment of Natural Sciences in Kinanthropology, Faculty of Physical Culture, Palack\u00fd University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic<\/p>\n<div>Find articles by <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/?term=Klime\u0161ov\u00e1%20I%5BAuthor%5D\">Iva Klime\u0161ov\u00e1<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"contrib-group half_rhythm fm-editor\">Walid Kamal Abdelbasset, <span class=\"fm-role\">Editor<\/span><sup><\/sup><\/div>\n<div class=\"half_rhythm\">\n<div class=\"togglers fm-copyright-license\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"pmctoggle\" rid=\"idm139970788634064_ai idm139970793155200_ai idm139970787479008_ai\">Author information<\/a> <a href=\"#\" class=\"pmctoggle\" rid=\"idm139970788634064_an\">Article notes<\/a> <a href=\"#\" class=\"pmctoggle\" rid=\"idm139970788634064_cpl\">Copyright and License information<\/a> <a href=\"\/pmc\/about\/disclaimer\/\" style=\"margin-left: 1em\">PMC Disclaimer<\/a><\/div>\n<div class=\"fm-authors-info hide half_rhythm\" id=\"idm139970788634064_ai\" style=\"display:none\">\n<div class=\"fm-affl\" id=\"aff001\"><sup>1<\/sup><br \/>\nDepartment of Natural Sciences in Kinanthropology, Faculty of Physical Culture, Palack\u00fd University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic<\/div>\n<div class=\"fm-affl\" id=\"aff002\"><sup>2<\/sup><br \/>\nResearch Institute for Sport and Exercise (UCRISE), University of Canberra, Bruce, Australia<\/div>\n<div class=\"fm-affl\" id=\"aff003\"><sup>3<\/sup><br \/>\nDiscipline of Biokinetics, Exercise and Leisure Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa<\/div>\n<div class=\"fm-affl\" id=\"aff004\"><sup>4<\/sup><br \/>\nDepartment of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palack\u00fd University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic<\/div>\n<div class=\"fm-affl\" id=\"aff005\"><sup>5<\/sup><br \/>\nInstitute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palack\u00fd University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic<\/div>\n<div class=\"fm-affl\" id=\"edit1\">\nPrince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, College of Applied Medical Sciences, SAUDI ARABIA\n<\/div>\n<div><sup><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/corehtml\/pmc\/pmcgifs\/corrauth.gif\" alt=\"corresponding author\"><\/sup>Corresponding author.<\/div>\n<div id=\"coi001\"><strong>Competing Interests: <\/strong>The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.<\/div>\n<div id=\"cor001\">* E-mail: <a href=\"mailto:dev@null\" data-email=\"zc.lopu@icjerk.bukaj\" class=\"oemail\">zc.lopu@icjerk.bukaj<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fm-article-notes hide half_rhythm\" id=\"idm139970788634064_an\" style=\"display:none\">\n<div class=\"fm-pubdate half_rhythm\">Received 2022 Jun 7; Accepted 2022 Nov 12.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"permissions half_rhythm hide\" id=\"idm139970788634064_cpl\" style=\"display:none\">\n<div class=\"fm-copyright half_rhythm\"><a href=\"\/pmc\/about\/copyright\/\">Copyright<\/a> \u00a9 2022 Valenta et al<\/div>\n<div class=\"license half_rhythm\">This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" data-ga-action=\"click_feat_suppl\" ref=\"reftype=extlink&amp;article-id=9767360&amp;issue-id=422737&amp;journal-id=440&amp;FROM=Article%7CFront%20Matter&amp;TO=External%7CLink%7CURI\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Creative Commons Attribution License<\/a>, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"pmclinksbox\" class=\"links-box whole_rhythm hidden\" role=\"complementary\" aria-label=\"Related or updated information about this article.\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"sec\"><\/div>\n<div id=\"ass-data\" class=\"tsec fm-sec whole_rhythm\" data-section=\"Featured_PMC_Datacitation\">\n<h2 class=\"nomenu\">Associated Data<\/h2>\n<dl data-count=\"7\" class=\"box-data-suppmats whole_rhythm no_bottom_margin\">\n<dt><a href=\"#\" rid=\"data-suppmats\" data-ga-action=\"click_feat_toggler\" data-ga-label=\"Supplementary Materials\" class=\"pmctoggle\">Supplementary Materials<\/a><\/dt>\n<dd id=\"data-suppmats\" style=\"display: none;\">\n<div class=\"half_rhythm\">\n<div class=\"caption half_rhythm no_bottom_margin\"><strong>S1 Table: <\/strong>Raw data for <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC9767360\/table\/pone.0279307.t001\/\" target=\"table\" class=\"fig-table-link figpopup\" rid-figpopup=\"pone.0279307.t001\" rid-ob=\"ob-pone.0279307.t001\" co-legend-rid=\"\" rel=\"noopener\"><span>Table 1<\/span><\/a>. (XLSX)<\/div>\n<div><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC9767360\/bin\/pone.0279307.s001.xlsx\" data-ga-action=\"click_feat_suppl\">pone.0279307.s001.xlsx<\/a><span style=\"color:gray\"> (11K)<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"small guid\">GUID:&nbsp;9CDAB159-2052-4655-83E1-6C4E7AB2D528<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"half_rhythm\">\n<div class=\"caption half_rhythm no_bottom_margin\"><strong>S2 Table: <\/strong>Raw data for <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC9767360\/table\/pone.0279307.t003\/\" target=\"table\" class=\"fig-table-link figpopup\" rid-figpopup=\"pone.0279307.t003\" rid-ob=\"ob-pone.0279307.t003\" co-legend-rid=\"\" rel=\"noopener\"><span>Table 3<\/span><\/a>, part 1. (XLSX)<\/div>\n<div><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC9767360\/bin\/pone.0279307.s002.xlsx\" data-ga-action=\"click_feat_suppl\">pone.0279307.s002.xlsx<\/a><span style=\"color:gray\"> (12K)<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"small guid\">GUID:&nbsp;547CC9CB-167F-4E7E-9F6D-79A883D30B2D<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"half_rhythm\">\n<div class=\"caption half_rhythm no_bottom_margin\"><strong>S3 Table: <\/strong>Raw data for <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC9767360\/table\/pone.0279307.t003\/\" target=\"table\" class=\"fig-table-link figpopup\" rid-figpopup=\"pone.0279307.t003\" rid-ob=\"ob-pone.0279307.t003\" co-legend-rid=\"\" rel=\"noopener\"><span>Table 3<\/span><\/a>, part 2. (XLSX)<\/div>\n<div><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC9767360\/bin\/pone.0279307.s003.xlsx\" data-ga-action=\"click_feat_suppl\">pone.0279307.s003.xlsx<\/a><span style=\"color:gray\"> (702K)<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"small guid\">GUID:&nbsp;066EA747-9EEA-42E1-B4CA-6C0872D72453<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"half_rhythm\">\n<div class=\"caption half_rhythm no_bottom_margin\"><strong>Attachment: <\/strong>Submitted filename: <em class=\"submitted-filename\">response_to_reviewers.docx<\/em><\/div>\n<div><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC9767360\/bin\/pone.0279307.s004.docx\" data-ga-action=\"click_feat_suppl\">pone.0279307.s004.docx<\/a><span style=\"color:gray\"> (37K)<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"small guid\">GUID:&nbsp;1EDD476E-2C30-4C63-A91F-700D4386D99B<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"half_rhythm\">\n<div class=\"caption half_rhythm no_bottom_margin\"><strong>Attachment: <\/strong>Submitted filename: <em class=\"submitted-filename\">Reviewer report (17-07-22).docx<\/em><\/div>\n<div><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC9767360\/bin\/pone.0279307.s005.docx\" data-ga-action=\"click_feat_suppl\">pone.0279307.s005.docx<\/a><span style=\"color:gray\"> (12K)<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"small guid\">GUID:&nbsp;D9C239BD-AFED-4BC9-A557-733D7D38C4CE<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"half_rhythm\">\n<div class=\"caption half_rhythm no_bottom_margin\"><strong>Attachment: <\/strong>Submitted filename: <em class=\"submitted-filename\">response_to_reviewers.docx<\/em><\/div>\n<div><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC9767360\/bin\/pone.0279307.s006.docx\" data-ga-action=\"click_feat_suppl\">pone.0279307.s006.docx<\/a><span style=\"color:gray\"> (29K)<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"small guid\">GUID:&nbsp;804C698C-CE44-4D4B-ACA0-6B149AFF43BC<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"half_rhythm\">\n<div class=\"caption half_rhythm no_bottom_margin\"><strong>Attachment: <\/strong>Submitted filename: <em class=\"submitted-filename\">response_to_reviewers.docx<\/em><\/div>\n<div><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC9767360\/bin\/pone.0279307.s007.docx\" data-ga-action=\"click_feat_suppl\">pone.0279307.s007.docx<\/a><span style=\"color:gray\"> (25K)<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"small guid\">GUID:&nbsp;18AAC38B-6AF5-4E88-ACF7-1D76965821B1<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl data-length=\"78\" class=\"box-data-avail whole_rhythm no_bottom_margin\">\n<dt><a href=\"#\" rid=\"data-avl-stmnt\" data-ga-action=\"click_feat_toggler\" data-ga-label=\"Data Availability Statement\" class=\"pmctoggle\">Data Availability Statement<\/a><\/dt>\n<dd id=\"data-avl-stmnt\" style=\"display: none;\">\n<p>All relevant data are within the article and its <a href=\"#sec017\" rid=\"sec017\" class=\" sec\">Supporting Information<\/a> files.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"abstract-a.z.b.v\" lang=\"en\" class=\"tsec sec\">\n<div class=\"goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container\"><span role=\"menubar\"><a class=\"tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading\" href=\"#\" title=\"Go to other sections in this page\" role=\"menuitem\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">Go to:<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"head no_bottom_margin ui-helper-clearfix\" id=\"abstract-a.z.b.vtitle\">Abstract<\/h2>\n<p><!--article-meta--><\/p>\n<div>\n<div id=\"sec001\" class=\"sec sec-first\">\n<h3 id=\"sec001title\">Purpose<\/h3>\n<p class=\"p p-first-last\">This study investigated the effects of acute, pre-exercise, hydrogen rich water (HRW) ingestion on running time to exhaustion at maximal aerobic speed in trained track and field runners.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sec002\" class=\"sec\">\n<h3 id=\"sec002title\">Methods<\/h3>\n<p class=\"p p-first-last\">Twenty-four, male runners aged 17.5 \u00b1 1.8 years, with body mass index = 21.0 \u00b1 1.3 kg\u22c5m<sup>-2<\/sup>, and maximal oxygen uptake = 55.0 \u00b1 4.6 ml\u22c5kg<sup>-1<\/sup>\u22c5min<sup>-1<\/sup> (mean \u00b1 standard deviation) participated in this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study. All runners ingested 1260 ml of HRW which was divided into four doses and taken at 120 min (420 ml), 60 min (420 ml), 30 min (210 ml), and 10 min (210 ml) prior to exercise. The running protocol consisted of three phases: warm-up performed at 10 km\u22c5h<sup>-1<\/sup> for 3 min, followed by a transition phase performed at an individually determined speed (10 km\u22c5h<sup>-1<\/sup> + maximal aerobic speed)\/2 for 1 min, and finally the third phase performed at individual maximal aerobic speed until exhaustion. Time to exhaustion, cardiorespiratory variables, and post-exercise blood lactate concentration were measured.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sec003\" class=\"sec\">\n<h3 id=\"sec003title\">Results<\/h3>\n<p class=\"p p-first-last\">When running to exhaustion at maximal aerobic speed, compared with placebo, HRW had no significant effects on the following variables: time to exhaustion (217 \u00b1 49 and 227 \u00b1 53 s, <em>p<\/em> = 0.20), post-exercise blood lactate concentration (9.9 \u00b1 2.2 and 10.1 \u00b1 2.0 mmol\u22c5L<sup>-1<\/sup>, <em>p<\/em> = 0.42), maximal heart rate (186 \u00b1 9 and 186 \u00b1 9 beats\u22c5min<sup>-1<\/sup>, <em>p<\/em> = 0.80), and oxygen uptake (53.1 \u00b1 4.5 and 52.2 \u00b1 4.7 ml\u22c5kg<sup>-1<\/sup>\u22c5min<sup>-1<\/sup>, <em>p<\/em> = 0.33). No variable assessed as a candidate moderator was significantly correlated with time to exhaustion (Spearman\u2019s correlation coefficients ranged from \u22120.28 to 0.30, all <em>p<\/em> \u2265 0.16).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sec004\" class=\"sec sec-last\">\n<h3 id=\"sec004title\">Conclusions<\/h3>\n<p class=\"p p-first-last\">Pre-exercise administration of 1260 ml of HRW showed no ergogenic effect on running performance to exhaustion at maximal aerobic speed in trained track and field runners.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sec005\" class=\"tsec sec\">\n<div class=\"goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container\"><a class=\"tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading\" href=\"#\" title=\"Go to other sections in this page\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">Go to:<\/a><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"head no_bottom_margin ui-helper-clearfix\" id=\"sec005title\">Introduction<\/h2>\n<p class=\"p p-first\">Molecular hydrogen (H<sub>2<\/sub>) was initially considered a biologically inactive gas. However, Dole et al. [<a href=\"#pone.0279307.ref001\" rid=\"pone.0279307.ref001\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">1<\/a>] published the first study (mouse model) reporting a significant regression of skin tumors in response to hyperbaric H<sub>2<\/sub> treatment. H<sub>2<\/sub> was shown to have strong selective antioxidative and anti-apoptotic properties, reducing oxidative stress through the scavenging of harmful cytotoxic hydroxyl radicals (OH\u25cf) [<a href=\"#pone.0279307.ref002\" rid=\"pone.0279307.ref002\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">2<\/a>]. Recently, Ichihara et al. [<a href=\"#pone.0279307.ref003\" rid=\"pone.0279307.ref003\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">3<\/a>] reported anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidative properties of H<sub>2<\/sub>. H<sub>2<\/sub> was also considered to be a signaling molecule that contributed to modulation and regulation of gene expression [<a href=\"#pone.0279307.ref003\" rid=\"pone.0279307.ref003\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">3<\/a>]. An anti-fatigue effect of H<sub>2<\/sub> in response to pre-exercise intake of hydrogen rich water (HRW) was shown across different modes of exercise, specifically, repeated isokinetic knee extensions [<a href=\"#pone.0279307.ref004\" rid=\"pone.0279307.ref004\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">4<\/a>], intermittent cycling sprints [<a href=\"#pone.0279307.ref005\" rid=\"pone.0279307.ref005\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">5<\/a>], repeated running sprints [<a href=\"#pone.0279307.ref006\" rid=\"pone.0279307.ref006\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">6<\/a>], anaerobic performance [<a href=\"#pone.0279307.ref007\" rid=\"pone.0279307.ref007\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">7<\/a>], and strength-endurance drills [<a href=\"#pone.0279307.ref008\" rid=\"pone.0279307.ref008\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">8<\/a>]. Research also showed that an anti-fatigue effect of pre-exercise HRW intake seemed to be dependent on the current performance status of athletes [<a href=\"#pone.0279307.ref007\" rid=\"pone.0279307.ref007\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">7<\/a>, <a href=\"#pone.0279307.ref009\" rid=\"pone.0279307.ref009\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">9<\/a>]. Further, studies demonstrated that pre-exercise H<sub>2<\/sub> exposure led to a lower rate of perceived exertion (RPE), enhanced ventilation efficiency, reduction in blood lactate concentration [<a href=\"#pone.0279307.ref010\" rid=\"pone.0279307.ref010\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">10<\/a>], and stimulated prefrontal cortex activity [<a href=\"#pone.0279307.ref011\" rid=\"pone.0279307.ref011\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">11<\/a>], particularly during higher exercise intensities. In addition, acute HRW intake resulted in a post-exercise lactate lowering effect [<a href=\"#pone.0279307.ref004\" rid=\"pone.0279307.ref004\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">4<\/a>, <a href=\"#pone.0279307.ref012\" rid=\"pone.0279307.ref012\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">12<\/a>] and lower delayed onset of muscle soreness after strength exercise [<a href=\"#pone.0279307.ref008\" rid=\"pone.0279307.ref008\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">8<\/a>, <a href=\"#pone.0279307.ref013\" rid=\"pone.0279307.ref013\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">13<\/a>]. However, pre-exercise HRW consumption did not positively affect submaximal running performance, physiological responses, or time to exhaustion, in response to a maximal incremental running test [<a href=\"#pone.0279307.ref014\" rid=\"pone.0279307.ref014\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">14<\/a>]. In addition, no significant difference was reported between HRW and control groups for time to exhaustion in an incremental cycling test in a heated environment [<a href=\"#pone.0279307.ref015\" rid=\"pone.0279307.ref015\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">15<\/a>], and there was no ergogenic effect of H<sub>2<\/sub> during an incremental maximal test in either amateur or professional cyclists [<a href=\"#pone.0279307.ref007\" rid=\"pone.0279307.ref007\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">7<\/a>]. Despite the inconsistent exercise ergogenic effects of H<sub>2<\/sub>, recent <em>in vitro<\/em> studies have reported mitochondrial effects of H<sub>2<\/sub>. H<sub>2<\/sub> was shown to increase mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate, stimulate mitochondrial Q cycle and enhance oxidative adenosine triphosphate production [<a href=\"#pone.0279307.ref016\" rid=\"pone.0279307.ref016\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">16<\/a>, <a href=\"#pone.0279307.ref017\" rid=\"pone.0279307.ref017\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">17<\/a>].<\/p>\n<p class=\"p p-last\">Based on the potential aerobic energy system benefits of H<sub>2<\/sub>, this study was designed to investigate whether acute HRW supplementation improved running performance at maximal aerobic speed. From a practical application standpoint, maximal aerobic speed is closely related to the running velocity that can be sustained by elite runners over 3000 m [<a href=\"#pone.0279307.ref018\" rid=\"pone.0279307.ref018\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">18<\/a>]. Therefore, the primary aim of this study was to assess the effect of acute pre-exercise HRW intake on time to exhaustion when running at maximal aerobic speed in trained track and field runners. We hypothesized that the anti-fatigue effect of pre-exercise HRW ingestion [<a href=\"#pone.0279307.ref004\" rid=\"pone.0279307.ref004\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">4<\/a>, <a href=\"#pone.0279307.ref006\" rid=\"pone.0279307.ref006\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">6<\/a>, <a href=\"#pone.0279307.ref008\" rid=\"pone.0279307.ref008\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">8<\/a>, <a href=\"#pone.0279307.ref010\" rid=\"pone.0279307.ref010\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">10<\/a>] would improve running performance at maximal aerobic speed with an increase in time to exhaustion.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sec006\" class=\"tsec sec\">\n<div class=\"goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container\"><a class=\"tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading\" href=\"#\" title=\"Go to other sections in this page\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">Go to:<\/a><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"head no_bottom_margin ui-helper-clearfix\" id=\"sec006title\">Methods<\/h2>\n<div id=\"sec007\" class=\"sec sec-first\">\n<h3 id=\"sec007title\">Participants<\/h3>\n<p class=\"p p-first\">The primary inclusion criterion was a personal best time in the 1500 m run of under 4:33.0 for adult participants and 5:16.0 for participants younger than 18 years. This time should have been achieved in regular competition no longer than one year before the experiment. Seventy-two potential participants were contacted, with thirty indicating that they were interested in participating in the study. Two participants withdrew before the first session and four did not complete the experiment due to medical complications or technical problems during testing (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC9767360\/figure\/pone.0279307.g001\/\" target=\"figure\" class=\"fig-table-link figpopup\" rid-figpopup=\"pone.0279307.g001\" rid-ob=\"ob-pone.0279307.g001\" co-legend-rid=\"lgnd_pone.0279307.g001\" rel=\"noopener\"><span>Fig 1<\/span><\/a>). Twenty-four, young, male, trained track and field runners (I. and II. Czech national track and field league competitors) successfully finished this study (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC9767360\/table\/pone.0279307.t001\/\" target=\"table\" class=\"fig-table-link figpopup\" rid-figpopup=\"pone.0279307.t001\" rid-ob=\"ob-pone.0279307.t001\" co-legend-rid=\"\" rel=\"noopener\"><span>Table 1<\/span><\/a>).<\/p>\n<p><!--fig ft0--><!--fig mode=article f1--><\/p>\n<div class=\"fig iconblock whole_rhythm\" id=\"pone.0279307.g001\" co-legend-rid=\"lgnd_pone.0279307.g001\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC9767360\/figure\/pone.0279307.g001\/\" target=\"figure\" rid-figpopup=\"pone.0279307.g001\" rid-ob=\"ob-pone.0279307.g001\" rel=\"noopener\"><!--fig\/graphic|fig\/alternatives\/graphic mode=\"anchored\" m1--><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"figure\" data-largeobj=\"\" data-largeobj-link-rid=\"largeobj_idm139970787395984\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC9767360\/figure\/pone.0279307.g001\/\" target=\"figure\" rid-figpopup=\"pone.0279307.g001\" rid-ob=\"ob-pone.0279307.g001\" rel=\"noopener\"><\/a><a class=\"inline_block ts_canvas\" href=\"\/core\/lw\/2.0\/html\/tileshop_pmc\/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Click%20on%20image%20to%20zoom&amp;p=PMC3&amp;id=9767360_pone.0279307.g001.jpg\" target=\"tileshopwindow\" rel=\"noopener\"><\/p>\n<div class=\"ts_bar small\" title=\"Click on image to zoom\"><\/div>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc.\nObject name is pone.0279307.g001.jpg\" title=\"Click on image to zoom\" class=\"tileshop\" src=\"https:\/\/hho-bulgaria.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/pone.0279307.g001.jpg\"><\/a><\/div>\n<div class=\"largeobj-link align_right\" id=\"largeobj_idm139970787395984\" style=\"display: none;\"><a target=\"object\" rel=\"noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC9767360\/figure\/pone.0279307.g001\/?report=objectonly\">Open in a separate window<\/a><\/div>\n<div class=\"icnblk_cntnt\" id=\"lgnd_pone.0279307.g001\">\n<div><a class=\"figpopup\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC9767360\/figure\/pone.0279307.g001\/\" target=\"figure\" rid-figpopup=\"pone.0279307.g001\" rid-ob=\"ob-pone.0279307.g001\" rel=\"noopener\">Fig 1<\/a><\/div>\n<p><!--caption a7--><\/p>\n<div class=\"caption\"><!--caption a8--><strong>CONSORT flow diagram.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>HRW = hydrogen rich water.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><!--table ft1--><!--table-wrap mode=\"anchored\" t5--><\/p>\n<div class=\"table-wrap anchored whole_rhythm\" id=\"pone.0279307.t001\">\n<h3>Table 1<\/h3>\n<p><!--caption a7--><\/p>\n<div class=\"caption\"><!--caption a8--><strong>Characteristics of the runners (n = 24).<\/strong><\/div>\n<div class=\"xtable\">\n<table frame=\"hsides\" rules=\"groups\" class=\"rendered small default_table\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th align=\"left\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">Variable<\/th>\n<th align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">\n<em>p<\/em>\n<\/th>\n<th align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">Mean \u00b1 SD<\/th>\n<th align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">Median (Q1, Q3)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">Age (years)<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">0.014<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">17.5 \u00b1 1.8<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">17.5 (16.0, 18.5)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">Body mass (kg)<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">0.43<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">69.1 \u00b1 5.9<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">69.5 (64.4, 73.7)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">Body height (cm)<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">0.018<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">181.5 \u00b1 5.5<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">183 (177, 186)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">BMI (kg\u22c5m<sup>-2<\/sup>)<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">0.12<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">21.0 \u00b1 1.3<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">20.6 (20.0, 21.7)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">Body fat (%)<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">0.091<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">10.1 \u00b1 4.6<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">9.1 (6.3, 14.8)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">VO<sub>2<\/sub>max (ml\u22c5kg<sup>-1<\/sup>\u22c5min<sup>-1<\/sup>)<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">0.30<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">55.0 \u00b1 4.6<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">54.3 (51.0, 57.4)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">Pmax (W\u22c5kg<sup>-1<\/sup>)<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">0.14<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">6.05 \u00b1 0.55<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">6.06 (5.73, 6.22)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">ANT (beats\u22c5min<sup>-1<\/sup>)<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">0.78<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">180 \u00b1 9<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">179 (174, 184)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">HRmax (beats\u22c5min<sup>-1<\/sup>)<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">0.61<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">196 \u00b1 9<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">196 (190, 201)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">MAS (km\u22c5h<sup>-1<\/sup>)<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">0.003<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">18.3 \u00b1 1.5<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">18.0 (17.5, 18.5)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"largeobj-link align_right\" id=\"largeobj_idm139970787391520\"><a target=\"object\" rel=\"noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC9767360\/table\/pone.0279307.t001\/?report=objectonly\">Open in a separate window<\/a><\/div>\n<div class=\"tblwrap-foot\">\n<div id=\"t001fn001\">\n<p class=\"p p-first-last\"><em>p<\/em> = statistical significance (Shapiro-Wilk test); SD = standard deviation; Q1 = the first quartile; Q3 = the third quartile; BMI = body mass index; VO<sub>2<\/sub>max = maximal oxygen consumption; Pmax = maximal power output; ANT = anaerobic threshold; HRmax = maximal heart rate; MAS = maximal aerobic speed.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"p p-last\">Prior to testing, all participants were informed about the aim of the study and the testing procedures. All participants were asked to complete health questionnaire to demonstrate that they were free of any health problems. The research was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Physical Culture, Palack\u00fd University Olomouc (reference number 9\/2020). Participation in this research was voluntary and all participants signed informed consent. If participants were &lt;18 years of age, written parental consent was obtained.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sec008\" class=\"sec\">\n<h3 id=\"sec008title\">Experimental design<\/h3>\n<p class=\"p p-first\">The study had a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover design. The participants attended three laboratory sessions and one outdoor training session (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC9767360\/figure\/pone.0279307.g002\/\" target=\"figure\" class=\"fig-table-link figpopup\" rid-figpopup=\"pone.0279307.g002\" rid-ob=\"ob-pone.0279307.g002\" co-legend-rid=\"lgnd_pone.0279307.g002\" rel=\"noopener\"><span>Fig 2<\/span><\/a>). The aim of the first laboratory session was to provide information related to the experiment, obtain anthropological data, ensure familiarization with equipment, and determine individual maximal aerobic speed. For three days prior to the first laboratory testing, participants did not participate in any strenuous activity.<\/p>\n<p><!--fig ft0--><!--fig mode=article f1--><\/p>\n<div class=\"fig iconblock whole_rhythm\" id=\"pone.0279307.g002\" co-legend-rid=\"lgnd_pone.0279307.g002\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC9767360\/figure\/pone.0279307.g002\/\" target=\"figure\" rid-figpopup=\"pone.0279307.g002\" rid-ob=\"ob-pone.0279307.g002\" rel=\"noopener\"><!--fig\/graphic|fig\/alternatives\/graphic mode=\"anchored\" m1--><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"figure\" data-largeobj=\"\" data-largeobj-link-rid=\"largeobj_idm139970782255440\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC9767360\/figure\/pone.0279307.g002\/\" target=\"figure\" rid-figpopup=\"pone.0279307.g002\" rid-ob=\"ob-pone.0279307.g002\" rel=\"noopener\"><\/a><a class=\"inline_block ts_canvas\" href=\"\/core\/lw\/2.0\/html\/tileshop_pmc\/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Click%20on%20image%20to%20zoom&amp;p=PMC3&amp;id=9767360_pone.0279307.g002.jpg\" target=\"tileshopwindow\" rel=\"noopener\"><\/p>\n<div class=\"ts_bar small\" title=\"Click on image to zoom\"><\/div>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc.\nObject name is pone.0279307.g002.jpg\" title=\"Click on image to zoom\" class=\"tileshop\" src=\"https:\/\/hho-bulgaria.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/pone.0279307.g002.jpg\"><\/a><\/div>\n<div class=\"largeobj-link align_right\" id=\"largeobj_idm139970782255440\" style=\"display: none;\"><a target=\"object\" rel=\"noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC9767360\/figure\/pone.0279307.g002\/?report=objectonly\">Open in a separate window<\/a><\/div>\n<div class=\"icnblk_cntnt\" id=\"lgnd_pone.0279307.g002\">\n<div><a class=\"figpopup\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC9767360\/figure\/pone.0279307.g002\/\" target=\"figure\" rid-figpopup=\"pone.0279307.g002\" rid-ob=\"ob-pone.0279307.g002\" rel=\"noopener\">Fig 2<\/a><\/div>\n<p><!--caption a7--><\/p>\n<div class=\"caption\"><!--caption a8--><strong>Overview of the study protocol and labelling of sessions.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>HRW = hydrogen rich water; TTE = time to exhaustion; MAS = maximal aerobic speed.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>The second and the third laboratory sessions included the running protocol in which the effect of HRW supplementation was examined. The second laboratory session took place three days after the first laboratory session. The wash out period between the second and the third laboratory session was 7 days. All participants performed one outdoor training session 3 days before the third laboratory session. This training session was included to maintain two identical microcycles. Exercise load and intensity were individually set and corresponded with the maximal aerobic speed testing performed during the first laboratory session.<\/p>\n<p>All participants were randomly divided into two groups, HRW\/placebo or placebo\/HRW sequences. For the randomization process, three red and three blue paper strips were placed in a sachet. Each participant was asked to draw one strip whilst being blinded. When the sachet was empty, it was refilled with three red and three blue strips and the the procedure was continued until all participants were randomized. According to Kang et al. [<a href=\"#pone.0279307.ref019\" rid=\"pone.0279307.ref019\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">19<\/a>], this procedure can be described as block randomization, which prevents an unequal number of participants in two groups. Participants who pulled out the red strips received water packages with batch number A in the second session, and batch number B in the third session. Participants who pulled out the blue strips received water packages with batch number B in the second session and batch number A in the third session. After the statistical analysis was finished, the manufacturer of the HRW and placebo provided the researchers with the details regarding which batch numbers were HRW and placebo.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p p-last\">All laboratory sessions were performed under standardized conditions. Room temperature was maintained at 22\u201324\u00b0C, with relative air humidity maintained between 40 and 60%. Every participant was allocated their own testing time which was constant for all sessions to prevent possible circadian influence. Participants were instructed to avoid drinking coffee, tea or other substances in the two hours before testing as these substances may potentially affect selected physiological or perceptual responses. Furthermore, participants were asked to avoid drinking alcohol 48 h before all laboratory sessions, and to avoid (other than the prescribed maximal aerobic speed testing or outdoor training session) vigorous physical activity three days prior to the first laboratory session and between the following sessions.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sec009\" class=\"sec\">\n<h3 id=\"sec009title\">Anthropometric measurement<\/h3>\n<p class=\"p p-first-last\">Body height was measured to the nearest 1 cm using a standardized stadiometer. Body mass (to nearest 0.1 kg) and percentage body fat (bioimpedance analysis) were determined using the Tanita BC-418 MA (Tanita, Tokyo, Japan).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sec010\" class=\"sec\">\n<h3 id=\"sec010title\">Determination of maximal aerobic speed<\/h3>\n<p class=\"p p-first-last\">Individual maximal aerobic speed was determined using a stepwise, incremental protocol performed on a treadmill Lode Valiant Special (Lode, Groningen, Netherlands) while gas exchange, ventilatory characteristics (Ergostik, Geratherm Respiratory, Bad Kissingen, Germany) and heart rate (Polar, Kempele, Finland) were recorded [<a href=\"#pone.0279307.ref020\" rid=\"pone.0279307.ref020\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">20<\/a>]. There was an initial warm up at 10 km\u22c5h<sup>-1<\/sup> (2 min) and 12 km\u22c5h<sup>-1<\/sup> (2 min), which was followed by an individual number of 1 min incremental steps starting at a speed of 15 km\u22c5h<sup>-1<\/sup>, with each step increasing in speed by 1 km\u22c5h<sup>-1<\/sup>. The test was performed until voluntary exhaustion. The criteria for attaining VO<sub>2<\/sub>max was defined as reaching one of the following criteria: a) respiratory exchange ratio of &gt;1.11 [<a href=\"#pone.0279307.ref021\" rid=\"pone.0279307.ref021\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">21<\/a&gt;]; b) VO<sub>2<\/sub> plateau defined as no increase in VO<sub>2<\/sub> in response to an increase in work rate [<a href=\"#pone.0279307.ref022\" rid=\"pone.0279307.ref022\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">22<\/a>]. VO<sub>2<\/sub>max was considered the highest VO<sub>2<\/sub> value in the final 30 s of the test [<a href=\"#pone.0279307.ref023\" rid=\"pone.0279307.ref023\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">23<\/a>]. Maximal aerobic speed was defined as the minimal running speed that elicited VO<sub>2<\/sub> equal to VO<sub>2<\/sub>max, with the participant able to finish the 1 min step at this speed.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sec011\" class=\"sec\">\n<h3 id=\"sec011title\">Running protocol<\/h3>\n<p class=\"p p-first-last\">The running protocol was divided into three steps. The first 3 min warm up step (10 km\u22c5h<sup>-1<\/sup>) was followed by a 1 min step at an individually set speed (10 km\u22c5h<sup>-1<\/sup> + maximal aerobic speed)\/2 used for smooth transition to the third step. The third step was performed at individual maximal aerobic speed until exhaustion. The time to exhaustion was measured to the nearest 1 s. Both tests in the second and third sessions were performed by the same tester, who was instructed to avoid verbal communication with the participant during the testing. Ventilation and gas exchange were recorded breath by breath. Heart rate was recorded continuously. The average values of the last 30 s were calculated for statistical analysis. Immediately after finishing the test, blood samples were collected to determine the blood lactate concentration using a Lactate Scout + (EKF Diagnostic, Cardiff, United Kingdom). The blood samples were collected, and instrument accuracy was checked, according to the manufacturer guidelines.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sec012\" class=\"sec\">\n<h3 id=\"sec012title\">HRW and placebo chemical composition, administration strategy<\/h3>\n<p class=\"p p-first\">A total volume of 1260 ml of HRW (Aquastamina-R HRW, Nutristamina, Ostrava, Czech Republic) or placebo (Aquastamina-R placebo, Nutristamina, Ostrava, Czech Republic) was administered in four doses, specifically 420 ml of HRW\/placebo was applied 120 min and 60 min before exercise, and 210 ml of HRW\/placebo was applied 30 min and 10 min before exercise. This HRW hydration protocol included a one-week washout period similarly to previous HRW studies [<a href=\"#pone.0279307.ref004\" rid=\"pone.0279307.ref004\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">4<\/a>, <a href=\"#pone.0279307.ref009\" rid=\"pone.0279307.ref009\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">9<\/a>, <a href=\"#pone.0279307.ref010\" rid=\"pone.0279307.ref010\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">10<\/a>]. According to manufacturer information, HRW was produced by infusing H<sub>2<\/sub> under high pressure directly into the water. Both drinks were served in visually identical plastic-aluminum packages. Participants could not distinguish between HRW and placebo because H<sub>2<\/sub> is colorless, odorless, and tasteless [<a href=\"#pone.0279307.ref024\" rid=\"pone.0279307.ref024\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">24<\/a>]. The chemical properties of both HRW and placebo (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC9767360\/table\/pone.0279307.t002\/\" target=\"table\" class=\"fig-table-link figpopup\" rid-figpopup=\"pone.0279307.t002\" rid-ob=\"ob-pone.0279307.t002\" co-legend-rid=\"\" rel=\"noopener\"><span>Table 2<\/span><\/a>) were determined using the pH\/ORP\/Temperature-meter (AD14, Adwa Instruments, Szeged, Hungary). The dissolved H<sub>2<\/sub> concentration was determined using H2Blue reagent (H2 Sciences, Henderson, NV, USA) according to the manufacturer instructions.<\/p>\n<p><!--table ft1--><!--table-wrap mode=\"anchored\" t5--><\/p>\n<div class=\"table-wrap anchored whole_rhythm\" id=\"pone.0279307.t002\">\n<h3>Table 2<\/h3>\n<p><!--caption a7--><\/p>\n<div class=\"caption\"><!--caption a8--><strong>Physico-chemical properties of hydrogen rich water and placebo water.<\/strong><\/div>\n<div class=\"xtable\">\n<table frame=\"hsides\" rules=\"groups\" class=\"rendered small default_table\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th align=\"left\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">Property<\/th>\n<th align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">HRW<\/th>\n<th align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">Placebo<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">pH<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">7.8<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">7.6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">ORP (mV)<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">-659<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">+172<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">Temperature (\u00b0C)<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">22<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">22<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">H<sub>2<\/sub> concentration (ppm)<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">0.9<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">0.0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"largeobj-link align_right\" id=\"largeobj_idm139970782223824\"><a target=\"object\" rel=\"noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC9767360\/table\/pone.0279307.t002\/?report=objectonly\">Open in a separate window<\/a><\/div>\n<div class=\"tblwrap-foot\">\n<div id=\"t002fn001\">\n<p class=\"p p-first-last\">HRW = hydrogen rich water; ORP = oxidation reduction potential.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sec013\" class=\"sec sec-last\">\n<h3 id=\"sec013title\">Statistical analysis<\/h3>\n<p class=\"p p-first\">The normality of data was verified using the Shapiro-Wilk test. Data are presented as arithmetic mean \u00b1 standard deviation or median (the first quartile, the third quartile). To obtain percentage changes, the data were logarithmically transformed, statistically processed, back transformed, and expressed as percentages. These transformations were performed using a specialized spreadsheet [<a href=\"#pone.0279307.ref025\" rid=\"pone.0279307.ref025\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">25<\/a>]. This spreadsheet was also used to estimate the reliability of time to exhaustion expressed as a coefficient of variation. The normality of logarithmically transformed data was also verified using the Shapiro-Wilk test. The effect of HRW compared to placebo was evaluated using a paired two-tailed t-test. The effect size was evaluated using Cohen\u2019s <em>d<\/em> according to the formula <em>d<\/em> = m<sub>\u0394<\/sub> \/ SD<sub>Pla<\/sub>, where m<sub>\u0394<\/sub> is the mean of difference scores between HRW and placebo and SD<sub>Pla<\/sub> is the standard deviation calculated from the placebo values. The following thresholds for interpreting the magnitude of the effect size were used [<a href=\"#pone.0279307.ref026\" rid=\"pone.0279307.ref026\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">26<\/a>]: 0.00\u20130.19 trivial, 0.20\u20130.59 small, 0.60\u20131.19 moderate, \u22651.20 large.<\/p>\n<p>In order to examine the individual responses of time to exhaustion, the smallest worthwhile change (SWC) was determined and the frequencies of positive responders (\u0394 \u2265 SWC), non-responders (SWC &gt; \u0394 &gt; \u2212SWC), and negative responders (\u0394 \u2264 \u2212SWC) were calculated by comparing the individual difference score (\u0394 = HRW \u2212 Placebo) against the three intervals defined by SWC. The SWC for competitive runners is ~0.3% of performance time [<a href=\"#pone.0279307.ref027\" rid=\"pone.0279307.ref027\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">27<\/a>]. Hinckson and Hopkins [<a href=\"#pone.0279307.ref028\" rid=\"pone.0279307.ref028\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">28<\/a>] reported that a 1% change in time trial performance leads to a 10\u201320% change in time to exhaustion. Therefore, the SWC for time to exhaustion was set at 0.3% \u00d7 10 = 3%. The significance of the odds ratio of positive\/negative responders was evaluated using a chi-square test.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p p-last\">Variables considered as candidate moderators modifying the effect of HRW on time to exhaustion were examined by correlation analysis using Spearman\u2019s correlation coefficient. For all statistical tests, <em>p<\/em> &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Statistical analyses were performed using MATLAB version R2020a (MathWorks, Natick, MA, USA) and specialized spreadsheet [<a href=\"#pone.0279307.ref025\" rid=\"pone.0279307.ref025\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">25<\/a>]. Based on Botek et al. [<a href=\"#pone.0279307.ref010\" rid=\"pone.0279307.ref010\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">10<\/a>] we expected the effect size in this study to be at least moderate (<em>d<\/em> \u2265 0.6). A priori power analysis considering a paired two-tailed t-test was performed using G*Power version 3.1.9.7 [<a href=\"#pone.0279307.ref029\" rid=\"pone.0279307.ref029\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">29<\/a>] with parameters <em>d<\/em> = 0.6, \u03b1 = 0.05, and \u03b2 = 0.20. The desired sample size resulted in 24 participants.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sec014\" class=\"tsec sec\">\n<div class=\"goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container\"><a class=\"tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading\" href=\"#\" title=\"Go to other sections in this page\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">Go to:<\/a><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"head no_bottom_margin ui-helper-clearfix\" id=\"sec014title\">Results<\/h2>\n<p class=\"p p-first\">Raw data are available in <a href=\"#pone.0279307.s001\" rid=\"pone.0279307.s001\" class=\" supplementary-material\">S1<\/a>\u2013<a href=\"#pone.0279307.s003\" rid=\"pone.0279307.s003\" class=\" supplementary-material\">S3<\/a> Tables. The anthropometric and performance characteristics of participants are presented in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC9767360\/table\/pone.0279307.t001\/\" target=\"table\" class=\"fig-table-link figpopup\" rid-figpopup=\"pone.0279307.t001\" rid-ob=\"ob-pone.0279307.t001\" co-legend-rid=\"\" rel=\"noopener\"><span>Table 1<\/span><\/a>. Each participant received 567 \u03bcmol of H<sub>2<\/sub> dissolved in 1260 ml of HRW during the experimental running protocol. The dose relative to body mass was 8.26 \u00b1 0.71 \u03bcmol\u22c5kg<sup>-1<\/sup> expressed as mean \u00b1 standard deviation or 8.17 (7.70, 8.80) \u03bcmol\u22c5kg<sup>-1<\/sup> expressed as median (first and third quartiles).<\/p>\n<p>After logarithmic transformation, all variables listed in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC9767360\/table\/pone.0279307.t003\/\" target=\"table\" class=\"fig-table-link figpopup\" rid-figpopup=\"pone.0279307.t003\" rid-ob=\"ob-pone.0279307.t003\" co-legend-rid=\"\" rel=\"noopener\"><span>Table 3<\/span><\/a> had normal distributions (all <em>p<\/em> \u2265 0.073, Shapiro-Wilk test) except BF (<em>p<\/em> = 0.001). The departure from normality was considered small after visual inspection of the quantile-quantile plot and the BF variable was also processed using a t-test because it is considered robust for such departure from normality. The coefficient of variation for time to exhaustion estimated from this crossover study was 13% with a 95% confidence interval of 10 to 18%. The effects of HRW on performance and physiological variables are presented in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC9767360\/table\/pone.0279307.t003\/\" target=\"table\" class=\"fig-table-link figpopup\" rid-figpopup=\"pone.0279307.t003\" rid-ob=\"ob-pone.0279307.t003\" co-legend-rid=\"\" rel=\"noopener\"><span>Table 3<\/span><\/a>. No statistically significant effects of HRW were found (all <em>p<\/em> \u2265 0.20, paired t-test). Absolute Cohen\u2019s d values ranged from 0.01 to 0.19, indicating trivial effects. Analysis of individual responses of time to exhaustion (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC9767360\/figure\/pone.0279307.g003\/\" target=\"figure\" class=\"fig-table-link figpopup\" rid-figpopup=\"pone.0279307.g003\" rid-ob=\"ob-pone.0279307.g003\" co-legend-rid=\"lgnd_pone.0279307.g003\" rel=\"noopener\"><span>Fig 3<\/span><\/a>) revealed that 12 runners responded positively to HRW, 3 runners did not respond, and 9 runners responded negatively. The odds ratio of positive\/negative responders (12\/9) was not significant (<em>p<\/em> = 0.51, chi-square test). Therefore, the hypothesis that acute HRW supplementation has an ergogenic effect in trained runners running at maximal aerobic speed was rejected.<\/p>\n<p><!--fig ft0--><!--fig mode=article f1--><\/p>\n<div class=\"fig iconblock whole_rhythm\" id=\"pone.0279307.g003\" co-legend-rid=\"lgnd_pone.0279307.g003\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC9767360\/figure\/pone.0279307.g003\/\" target=\"figure\" rid-figpopup=\"pone.0279307.g003\" rid-ob=\"ob-pone.0279307.g003\" rel=\"noopener\"><!--fig\/graphic|fig\/alternatives\/graphic mode=\"anchored\" m1--><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"figure\" data-largeobj=\"\" data-largeobj-link-rid=\"largeobj_idm139970786758336\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC9767360\/figure\/pone.0279307.g003\/\" target=\"figure\" rid-figpopup=\"pone.0279307.g003\" rid-ob=\"ob-pone.0279307.g003\" rel=\"noopener\"><\/a><a class=\"inline_block ts_canvas\" href=\"\/core\/lw\/2.0\/html\/tileshop_pmc\/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Click%20on%20image%20to%20zoom&amp;p=PMC3&amp;id=9767360_pone.0279307.g003.jpg\" target=\"tileshopwindow\" rel=\"noopener\"><\/p>\n<div class=\"ts_bar small\" title=\"Click on image to zoom\"><\/div>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc.\nObject name is pone.0279307.g003.jpg\" title=\"Click on image to zoom\" class=\"tileshop\" src=\"https:\/\/hho-bulgaria.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/pone.0279307.g003.jpg\"><\/a><\/div>\n<div class=\"largeobj-link align_right\" id=\"largeobj_idm139970786758336\" style=\"display: none;\"><a target=\"object\" rel=\"noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC9767360\/figure\/pone.0279307.g003\/?report=objectonly\">Open in a separate window<\/a><\/div>\n<div class=\"icnblk_cntnt\" id=\"lgnd_pone.0279307.g003\">\n<div><a class=\"figpopup\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC9767360\/figure\/pone.0279307.g003\/\" target=\"figure\" rid-figpopup=\"pone.0279307.g003\" rid-ob=\"ob-pone.0279307.g003\" rel=\"noopener\">Fig 3<\/a><\/div>\n<p><!--caption a7--><\/p>\n<div class=\"caption\"><!--caption a8--><strong>Individual percentage change in time to exhaustion.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0394 = difference between hydrogen rich water and placebo; TTE = time to exhaustion. The horizontal lines represent the smallest worthwhile change.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><!--table ft1--><!--table-wrap mode=\"anchored\" t5--><\/p>\n<div class=\"table-wrap anchored whole_rhythm\" id=\"pone.0279307.t003\">\n<h3>Table 3<\/h3>\n<p><!--caption a7--><\/p>\n<div class=\"caption\"><!--caption a8--><strong>Effect of hydrogen rich water compared to placebo on performance and physiological variables.<\/strong><\/div>\n<div class=\"xtable\">\n<table frame=\"hsides\" rules=\"groups\" class=\"rendered small default_table\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th align=\"left\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">Variable<\/th>\n<th align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">HRW<\/th>\n<th align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">Placebo<\/th>\n<th align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">\n<em>d<\/em>\n<\/th>\n<th align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">\u0394<\/th>\n<th align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">\n<em>p<\/em>\n<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th align=\"left\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\"><\/th>\n<th align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">Mean \u00b1 SD<\/th>\n<th align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">Mean \u00b1 SD<\/th>\n<th align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\"><\/th>\n<th align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">(95% CI)<\/th>\n<th align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\"><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">TTE (s)<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">217 \u00b1 49<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">227 \u00b1 53<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">\u22120.19<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">\u22124.4 (\u221211.0 to 2.6)<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">0.20<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">DTE (m)<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">1096 \u00b1 254<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">1144 \u00b1 262<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">\u22120.18<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">\u22124.4 (\u221211.0 to 2.6)<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">0.20<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">La pre (mmol\u22c5L<sup>-1<\/sup>)<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">1.6 \u00b1 0.4<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">1.6 \u00b1 0.4<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">0.01<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">0.4 (\u22129.0 to 10.8)<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">0.93<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">La post (mmol\u22c5L<sup>-1<\/sup>)<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">9.9 \u00b1 2.2<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">10.1 \u00b1 2.0<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">\u22120.11<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">\u22122.8 (\u22129.7 to 4.6)<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">0.42<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">HR (beats\u22c5min<sup>-1<\/sup>)<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">186 \u00b1 9<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">186 \u00b1 9<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">\u22120.02<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">\u22120.1 (\u22120.7 to 0.6)<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">0.80<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">BF (breaths\u22c5min<sup>-1<\/sup>)<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">59 \u00b1 12<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">60 \u00b1 13<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">\u22120.03<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">\u22120.4 (\u22123.0 to 2.3)<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">0.77<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">VE (ml\u22c5kg<sup>-1<\/sup>\u22c5min<sup>-1<\/sup>)<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">2099 \u00b1 222<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">2083 \u00b1 214<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">0.08<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">0.8 (\u22122.4 to 4.0)<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">0.63<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">VO<sub>2<\/sub> (ml\u22c5kg<sup>-1<\/sup>\u22c5min<sup>-1<\/sup>)<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">53.1 \u00b1 4.5<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">52.2 \u00b1 4.7<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">0.18<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">1.7 (\u22121.8 to 5.2)<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">0.33<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">VCO<sub>2<\/sub> (ml\u22c5kg<sup>-1<\/sup>\u22c5min<sup>-1<\/sup>)<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">61.4 \u00b1 4.6<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">60.6 \u00b1 5.2<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">0.15<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">1.4 (\u22121.5 to 4.4)<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">0.34<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">VE\/VO<sub>2<\/sub><\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">39.7 \u00b1 4.1<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">40.0 \u00b1 3.8<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">\u22120.09<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">\u22120.9 (\u22123.0 to 1.2)<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">0.40<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">RQ<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">1.159 \u00b1 0.054<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">1.163 \u00b1 0.066<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">\u22120.06<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">\u22120.3 (\u22122.2 to 1.7)<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">0.76<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"largeobj-link align_right\" id=\"largeobj_idm139970786753760\"><a target=\"object\" rel=\"noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC9767360\/table\/pone.0279307.t003\/?report=objectonly\">Open in a separate window<\/a><\/div>\n<div class=\"tblwrap-foot\">\n<div id=\"t003fn001\">\n<p class=\"p p-first-last\">HRW = hydrogen rich water; SD = standard deviation; <em>d<\/em> = Cohen\u2019s d effect size; \u0394 = effect of HRW compared to placebo expressed as a percentage; CI = confidence interval; <em>p<\/em> = statistical significance (paired t-test); TTE = time to exhaustion; DTE = distance to exhaustion; La pre = pre-exercise blood lactate concentration; La post = post-exercise blood lactate concentration; HR = heart rate; BF = breathing frequency; VE = ventilation; VO<sub>2<\/sub> = oxygen uptake; VCO<sub>2<\/sub> = carbon dioxide release; VE\/VO<sub>2<\/sub> = ventilatory equivalent for oxygen; RQ = respiratory quotient.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"p\">Two candidate moderators, namely age and maximal aerobic speed (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC9767360\/table\/pone.0279307.t001\/\" target=\"table\" class=\"fig-table-link figpopup\" rid-figpopup=\"pone.0279307.t001\" rid-ob=\"ob-pone.0279307.t001\" co-legend-rid=\"\" rel=\"noopener\"><span>Table 1<\/span><\/a>), had non-normal distributions, so correlation analysis was performed using the non-parametric Spearman\u2019s correlation coefficient. Values of Spearman\u2019s correlation coefficient ranged from \u22120.28 to 0.30 and these values were not statistically different from zero (all <em>p<\/em> \u2265 0.16, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC9767360\/table\/pone.0279307.t004\/\" target=\"table\" class=\"fig-table-link figpopup\" rid-figpopup=\"pone.0279307.t004\" rid-ob=\"ob-pone.0279307.t004\" co-legend-rid=\"\" rel=\"noopener\"><span>Table 4<\/span><\/a>). Specifically, runner performance level expressed as pooled time to exhaustion (average of HRW and placebo values) could not be considered a suitable moderator of the effect of HRW on time to exhaustion (<em>r<\/em> = 0.12, <em>p<\/em> = 0.56, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC9767360\/figure\/pone.0279307.g004\/\" target=\"figure\" class=\"fig-table-link figpopup\" rid-figpopup=\"pone.0279307.g004\" rid-ob=\"ob-pone.0279307.g004\" co-legend-rid=\"lgnd_pone.0279307.g004\" rel=\"noopener\"><span>Fig 4<\/span><\/a>). Thus, no suitable moderator of the effect of HRW was found in this study.<\/p>\n<p><!--fig ft0--><!--fig mode=article f1--><\/p>\n<div class=\"fig iconblock whole_rhythm\" id=\"pone.0279307.g004\" co-legend-rid=\"lgnd_pone.0279307.g004\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC9767360\/figure\/pone.0279307.g004\/\" target=\"figure\" rid-figpopup=\"pone.0279307.g004\" rid-ob=\"ob-pone.0279307.g004\" rel=\"noopener\"><!--fig\/graphic|fig\/alternatives\/graphic mode=\"anchored\" m1--><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"figure\" data-largeobj=\"\" data-largeobj-link-rid=\"largeobj_idm139970783586480\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC9767360\/figure\/pone.0279307.g004\/\" target=\"figure\" rid-figpopup=\"pone.0279307.g004\" rid-ob=\"ob-pone.0279307.g004\" rel=\"noopener\"><\/a><a class=\"inline_block ts_canvas\" href=\"\/core\/lw\/2.0\/html\/tileshop_pmc\/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Click%20on%20image%20to%20zoom&amp;p=PMC3&amp;id=9767360_pone.0279307.g004.jpg\" target=\"tileshopwindow\" rel=\"noopener\"><\/p>\n<div class=\"ts_bar small\" title=\"Click on image to zoom\"><\/div>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc.\nObject name is pone.0279307.g004.jpg\" title=\"Click on image to zoom\" class=\"tileshop\" src=\"https:\/\/hho-bulgaria.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/pone.0279307.g004.jpg\"><\/a><\/div>\n<div class=\"largeobj-link align_right\" id=\"largeobj_idm139970783586480\" style=\"display: none;\"><a target=\"object\" rel=\"noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC9767360\/figure\/pone.0279307.g004\/?report=objectonly\">Open in a separate window<\/a><\/div>\n<div class=\"icnblk_cntnt\" id=\"lgnd_pone.0279307.g004\">\n<div><a class=\"figpopup\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC9767360\/figure\/pone.0279307.g004\/\" target=\"figure\" rid-figpopup=\"pone.0279307.g004\" rid-ob=\"ob-pone.0279307.g004\" rel=\"noopener\">Fig 4<\/a><\/div>\n<p><!--caption a7--><\/p>\n<div class=\"caption\"><!--caption a8--><strong>Correlation analysis between effect of hydrogen rich water on time to exhaustion and pooled time to exhaustion.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><em>r<\/em><sub>S<\/sub> = Spearman\u2019s correlation coefficient; <em>p<\/em> = statistical significance of correlation coefficient; \u0394 = difference between hydrogen rich water and placebo; TTE = time to exhaustion; HRW = hydrogen rich water; Pla = placebo. Filled and open circles indicate runners who received HRW and placebo, respectively, in the first test.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><!--table ft1--><!--table-wrap mode=\"anchored\" t5--><\/p>\n<div class=\"table-wrap anchored whole_rhythm\" id=\"pone.0279307.t004\">\n<h3>Table 4<\/h3>\n<p><!--caption a7--><\/p>\n<div class=\"caption\"><!--caption a8--><strong>Correlation analysis between effect of hydrogen rich water on time to exhaustion and various variables.<\/strong><\/div>\n<div class=\"xtable\">\n<table frame=\"hsides\" rules=\"groups\" class=\"rendered small default_table\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th align=\"left\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">Variable<\/th>\n<th align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">\n<em>r<\/em><br \/>\n<sub>S<\/sub>\n<\/th>\n<th align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">\n<em>p<\/em>\n<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">(TTE<sub>HRW<\/sub> + TTE<sub>Pla<\/sub>)\/2<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">0.12<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">0.56<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">Age<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">0.03<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">0.90<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">Body mass<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">0.03<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">0.88<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">BMI<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">\u22120.10<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">0.64<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">Body fat<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">\u22120.28<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">0.19<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">VO<sub>2<\/sub>max<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">0.23<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">0.28<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">Pmax<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">0.29<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">0.17<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">ANT<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">0.09<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">0.67<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">HRmax<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">0.07<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">0.75<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">MAS<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">0.30<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">0.16<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">H<sub>2<\/sub> dose<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">\u22120.03<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">0.88<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"largeobj-link align_right\" id=\"largeobj_idm139970783581904\"><a target=\"object\" rel=\"noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC9767360\/table\/pone.0279307.t004\/?report=objectonly\">Open in a separate window<\/a><\/div>\n<div class=\"tblwrap-foot\">\n<div id=\"t004fn001\">\n<p class=\"p p-first-last\"><em>r<\/em><sub>S<\/sub> = Spearman\u2019s correlation coefficient; <em>p<\/em> = statistical significance of correlation coefficient; TTE = time to exhaustion; HRW = hydrogen rich water; Pla = placebo; BMI = body mass index; VO<sub>2<\/sub>max = maximal oxygen consumption; Pmax = maximal power output; ANT = anaerobic threshold; HRmax = maximal heart rate; MAS = maximal aerobic speed;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sec015\" class=\"tsec sec\">\n<div class=\"goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container\"><a class=\"tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading\" href=\"#\" title=\"Go to other sections in this page\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">Go to:<\/a><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"head no_bottom_margin ui-helper-clearfix\" id=\"sec015title\">Discussion<\/h2>\n<p class=\"p p-first\">The primary aim of this study was to assess the influence of a dose of 1260 ml HRW on running performance as indicated by time to exhaustion at maximal aerobic speed in trained track and field runners. Based on previous studies that have demonstrated an anti-fatigue effect of HRW intake before exercise [<a href=\"#pone.0279307.ref004\" rid=\"pone.0279307.ref004\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">4<\/a>\u2013<a href=\"#pone.0279307.ref006\" rid=\"pone.0279307.ref006\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">6<\/a>, <a href=\"#pone.0279307.ref008\" rid=\"pone.0279307.ref008\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">8<\/a>, <a href=\"#pone.0279307.ref010\" rid=\"pone.0279307.ref010\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">10<\/a>, <a href=\"#pone.0279307.ref012\" rid=\"pone.0279307.ref012\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">12<\/a>], we hypothesized that HRW intake prior to exercise would improve maximal aerobic speed performance, specifically running time to exhaustion. Contrary to our hypothesis, we observed no significant effect of HRW in time to exhaustion, as a valuable predictor of 1500 m running performance [<a href=\"#pone.0279307.ref030\" rid=\"pone.0279307.ref030\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">30<\/a>], or any other physiological variable during running at maximal aerobic speed.<\/p>\n<p>It is accepted that running to exhaustion at maximal aerobic speed represents a very high exercise intensity, where a substantial anaerobic glycolytic contribution towards adenosine triphosphate resynthesis is involved, and consequently, there is an onset of blood lactate accumulation [<a href=\"#pone.0279307.ref031\" rid=\"pone.0279307.ref031\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">31<\/a>]. In the current study, trained track and field runners ran at a determined speed of 18.3 \u00b1 1.5 km\u22c5h<sup>-1<\/sup> for a duration of 217 \u00b1 49 s after ingesting HRW, and for 227 \u00b1 53 s, after ingesting a placebo. This running velocity corresponds with a time to exhaustion ranging from 2.5 to 10 min for different kinds of activities [<a href=\"#pone.0279307.ref032\" rid=\"pone.0279307.ref032\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">32<\/a>], while it is slower compared with elite and sub-elite middle- and long-distance runners [<a href=\"#pone.0279307.ref032\" rid=\"pone.0279307.ref032\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">32<\/a>, <a href=\"#pone.0279307.ref033\" rid=\"pone.0279307.ref033\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">33<\/a>]. From a practical standpoint, if maximal aerobic speed and time to exhaustion describes 95% of variance in the average race velocity over 1500 m [<a href=\"#pone.0279307.ref030\" rid=\"pone.0279307.ref030\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">30<\/a>], we suggest that the enhancement for middle-distance performance by acute supplementation of 1260 ml HRW would also be ineffective. In addition, the post-exercise blood lactate concentration was 9.9 \u00b1 2.2 mmol\u22c5L<sup>-1<\/sup> and 10.1 \u00b1 2.0 mmol\u22c5L<sup>-1<\/sup> for HRW and placebo, respectively. These values indirectly indicated exercise-induced metabolic acidosis [<a href=\"#pone.0279307.ref034\" rid=\"pone.0279307.ref034\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">34<\/a>] and potential peripheral fatigue development [<a href=\"#pone.0279307.ref035\" rid=\"pone.0279307.ref035\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">35<\/a>]. Besides the increasing muscle acidosis, an excessive production of reactive oxygen species during exhaustive running [<a href=\"#pone.0279307.ref036\" rid=\"pone.0279307.ref036\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">36<\/a>, <a href=\"#pone.0279307.ref037\" rid=\"pone.0279307.ref037\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">37<\/a>] may have also contributed to the deterioration of muscle performance, as previously demonstrated [<a href=\"#pone.0279307.ref038\" rid=\"pone.0279307.ref038\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">38<\/a>].<\/p>\n<p>The results show that the expected antifatigue effect of H<sub>2<\/sub> was not detected when a dose of 1260 ml HRW (H<sub>2<\/sub> = 0.9 ppm) was ingested prior to the run at maximal aerobic speed with a duration of up to ~230 s. We assume that the anticipated antifatigue effects of H<sub>2<\/sub> was likely prevented by the increasing muscle acidosis, together with excessive oxidative stress. This result is consistent with some previous studies that examined the acute ingestion of HRW before exercise. For instance, an acute intake dose of 290 ml HRW (H<sub>2<\/sub> = 1.0 ppm) before testing and 290 ml HRW during a 10 min rest period between submaximal and maximal sections of an experimental protocol did not affect cardiorespiratory and metabolic variables during an incremental submaximal running test (34\u201391% VO<sub>2<\/sub>max) or the subsequent ~619 s running to exhaustion during incremental exercise [<a href=\"#pone.0279307.ref014\" rid=\"pone.0279307.ref014\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">14<\/a>]. These authors concluded that two doses of 290 ml of HRW before incremental running to exhaustion was not sufficiently ergogenic in endurance-trained athletes [<a href=\"#pone.0279307.ref014\" rid=\"pone.0279307.ref014\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">14<\/a>]. Similarly to our findings, Ito et al. [<a href=\"#pone.0279307.ref015\" rid=\"pone.0279307.ref015\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">15<\/a>] reported that an applied dose of 2.0 ml\u22c5kg<sup>-1<\/sup> of either HRW or placebo, ingested every 15 min within 60 min of cycling at 65% of VO<sub>2<\/sub>max, followed by an incremental cycling test to exhaustion, did not improve performance in well trained triathletes. In this context, Nogueira et al. [<a href=\"#pone.0279307.ref039\" rid=\"pone.0279307.ref039\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">39<\/a>] reported no significant changes in running time to exhaustion in rats after inhaling either 2% H<sub>2<\/sub> or H<sub>2<\/sub> free air during acute, exhaustive physical exercise. Interestingly, despite no ergogenic effect of H<sub>2<\/sub> inhalation on running performance, post-exercise biochemical analysis revealed important findings, where H<sub>2<\/sub> inhalation was associated with effective downregulation of muscle damage, reducing oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis after exhaustive acute exercise in the rats that were unaccustomed to this level of exercise [<a href=\"#pone.0279307.ref039\" rid=\"pone.0279307.ref039\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">39<\/a>].<\/p>\n<p>From methodological standpoint, the question arises whether our results may be tainted by small sample size or poor reliability of measurement. Before starting the experimental part, we performed a power analysis based on the results of Botek et al. [<a href=\"#pone.0279307.ref010\" rid=\"pone.0279307.ref010\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">10<\/a>]. From this analysis the desired sample size was calculated to be 24 participants, which was honored in the experiment. Previous studies [<a href=\"#pone.0279307.ref004\" rid=\"pone.0279307.ref004\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">4<\/a>, <a href=\"#pone.0279307.ref005\" rid=\"pone.0279307.ref005\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">5<\/a>, <a href=\"#pone.0279307.ref010\" rid=\"pone.0279307.ref010\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">10<\/a>] used even smaller sample sizes [8, 10 and 12, respectively] and found that HRW improved responses to exercise, including a reduction in lactate concentration and fatigue. Therefore, the sample size in this study is unlikely to be too small. The reliability of the time to exhaustion in this study was 13%, expressed as a coefficient of variation. Although this value was obtained from an intervention study and not a reliability study, it is comparable to values in reliability studies: 11% [<a href=\"#pone.0279307.ref032\" rid=\"pone.0279307.ref032\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">32<\/a>], 13% [<a href=\"#pone.0279307.ref040\" rid=\"pone.0279307.ref040\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">40<\/a>], indicating a good level of methodology and standardization of measurement in our laboratory. The coefficient of variation of time to exhaustion in constant-power tests is known to be highest in physical performance tests [<a href=\"#pone.0279307.ref028\" rid=\"pone.0279307.ref028\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">28<\/a>]. However, Hopkins et al. [<a href=\"#pone.0279307.ref041\" rid=\"pone.0279307.ref041\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">41<\/a>], using the relationship between exercise duration and power output, showed that the reliability of the equivalent mean power calculated from the constant-power test (0.6%) is even better than from the constant-work test (1.0%). We therefore consider time to exhaustion as a suitable index for tracking changes in performance.<\/p>\n<p>Contrary to our current findings, there are four studies that have reported an anti-fatigue or performance enhancing effect of HRW intake prior to exercise. Specifically, an antifatigue effect of HRW (2 L per day for 2 weeks pre-exercise, dissolved H<sub>2<\/sub> = 0.15 to 0.45 ppm, and pH = 9.8.) during intermittent cycling was demonstrated by Da Ponte et al. [<a href=\"#pone.0279307.ref005\" rid=\"pone.0279307.ref005\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">5<\/a>], who reported a 7.4% attenuation in the decline of peak power output from the 6<sup>th<\/sup> to the 9<sup>th<\/sup> of 10 sprints. In addition, in soccer players, Aoki et al. [<a href=\"#pone.0279307.ref004\" rid=\"pone.0279307.ref004\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">4<\/a>] reported an attenuated decrease (3.7%) in peak torque for 20 isokinetic knee extensions, following 30 min of cycle ergometry at an intensity of 75% VO<sub>2<\/sub>, when 1.5 L of HRW (H<sub>2<\/sub> = 1.84\u20132.04 ppm) was ingested within 8 hours pre-exercise. Positive effects of acute, intermittent ingestion of HRW on resistance training was recently demonstrated by Botek et al. [<a href=\"#pone.0279307.ref008\" rid=\"pone.0279307.ref008\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">8<\/a>]. Ingestion of 1260 ml HRW (H<sub>2<\/sub> = 0.9 ppm) pre-exercise resulted in lower blood lactate concentration, improve muscle function, and alleviated muscle pain perception in physical active males.<\/p>\n<p>Importantly, it is very difficult to accurately compare our findings with the previously mentioned studies due to the variable methodology used, including exercise protocols (mode, intensity, duration), dose of HRW and its chemical properties (concentration of dissolved H<sub>2<\/sub>, and its pH), and the training status of involved participants. These variables all impact the body response to a particular mode of exercise. For instance, Botek et al. [<a href=\"#pone.0279307.ref009\" rid=\"pone.0279307.ref009\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">9<\/a>] recently showed that pre-race hydration with 1680 ml of HRW improved endurance running performance by 1.3% in the slowest runners, whilst the effect of HRW on race performance in the fastest runners was unclear (deterioration by 0.8%), and concluded that the magnitude of anti-fatigue effect of H<sub>2<\/sub> depended on individual adaptation level. The results suggested that faster athletes seem to be less sensitive to acute H<sub>2<\/sub> supplementation compared with slower athletes who exhibit higher benefits from acute H<sub>2<\/sub> intake. In contrast, Tim\u00f3n et al. [<a href=\"#pone.0279307.ref007\" rid=\"pone.0279307.ref007\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">7<\/a>] recently reported an improved anaerobic performance in a group of trained cyclists after one week of HRW administration (H<sub>2<\/sub> = 1.9 ppm, dose of ~2 L per day) compared with no improvements in a group of amateur cyclists. In the current study, we did not find a suitable moderator of individual responses of time to exhaustion, which may have been due to the homogeneity of running performance in our cohort of runners. A future study involving athletes with more heterogenous performance is needed to assess this phenomenon.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p p-last\">Considering our results and previous research, we suggest that acute H<sub>2<\/sub> intake before exercise does not always provide ergogenic effects. Based on current results, we could not recommend acute pre-exercise HRW intake as an ergogenic supplement to improve time to exhaustion at maximal aerobic speed. There are some limitations and issues regarding HRW application in this study. 1) oxidative stress variables were not assessed. It appears that this information may be helpful for a deeper understanding of how H<sub>2<\/sub> may affect ROS production and performance responses. 2) the dosage of H<sub>2<\/sub> was constant for all participants for logistical reasons and was not adjusted to body mass. 3) Several variables were compared, and no technique was used to control for Type 1 statistical error.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sec016\" class=\"tsec sec\">\n<div class=\"goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container\"><a class=\"tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading\" href=\"#\" title=\"Go to other sections in this page\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">Go to:<\/a><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"head no_bottom_margin ui-helper-clearfix\" id=\"sec016title\">Conclusions<\/h2>\n<p class=\"p p-first-last\">This study found that a dose of 1260 ml HRW ingested prior to an exhaustive run had no significant effect on the running performance at maximal aerobic speed in a cohort of the national level track and field runners. Acute ingestion of HRW as a hydration strategy prior to exercise in trained middle-distance runners is not recommended to improve performance.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sec017\" class=\"tsec sec\"><a id=\"supplementary-material-sec\"><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container\"><a class=\"tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading\" href=\"#\" title=\"Go to other sections in this page\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">Go to:<\/a><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"head no_bottom_margin ui-helper-clearfix\" id=\"sec017title\">Supporting information<\/h2>\n<p><!--\/article\/body\/sec\/--><\/p>\n<div class=\"sec suppmat\" id=\"pone.0279307.s001\">\n<h4>S1 Table<\/h4>\n<p><!--caption a9--><strong>Raw data for <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC9767360\/table\/pone.0279307.t001\/\" target=\"table\" class=\"fig-table-link figpopup\" rid-figpopup=\"pone.0279307.t001\" rid-ob=\"ob-pone.0279307.t001\" co-legend-rid=\"\" rel=\"noopener\"><span>Table 1<\/span><\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>(XLSX)<\/p>\n<div class=\"sup-box half_rhythm\" id=\"media-a.aa.f.b.c\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC9767360\/bin\/pone.0279307.s001.xlsx\" data-ga-action=\"click_feat_suppl\">Click here for additional data file.<\/a><sup>(11K, xlsx)<\/sup><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"sec suppmat\" id=\"pone.0279307.s002\">\n<h4>S2 Table<\/h4>\n<p><!--caption a9--><strong>Raw data for <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC9767360\/table\/pone.0279307.t003\/\" target=\"table\" class=\"fig-table-link figpopup\" rid-figpopup=\"pone.0279307.t003\" rid-ob=\"ob-pone.0279307.t003\" co-legend-rid=\"\" rel=\"noopener\"><span>Table 3<\/span><\/a>, part 1. <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>(XLSX)<\/p>\n<div class=\"sup-box half_rhythm\" id=\"media-a.aa.f.c.c\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC9767360\/bin\/pone.0279307.s002.xlsx\" data-ga-action=\"click_feat_suppl\">Click here for additional data file.<\/a><sup>(12K, xlsx)<\/sup><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"sec suppmat\" id=\"pone.0279307.s003\">\n<h4>S3 Table<\/h4>\n<p><!--caption a9--><strong>Raw data for <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC9767360\/table\/pone.0279307.t003\/\" target=\"table\" class=\"fig-table-link figpopup\" rid-figpopup=\"pone.0279307.t003\" rid-ob=\"ob-pone.0279307.t003\" co-legend-rid=\"\" rel=\"noopener\"><span>Table 3<\/span><\/a>, part 2. <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>(XLSX)<\/p>\n<div class=\"sup-box half_rhythm\" id=\"media-a.aa.f.d.c\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC9767360\/bin\/pone.0279307.s003.xlsx\" data-ga-action=\"click_feat_suppl\">Click here for additional data file.<\/a><sup>(702K, xlsx)<\/sup><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"funding-group-a.z.b.w\" class=\"tsec sec\">\n<div class=\"goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container\"><a class=\"tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading\" href=\"#\" title=\"Go to other sections in this page\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">Go to:<\/a><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"head no_bottom_margin ui-helper-clearfix\" id=\"funding-group-a.z.b.wtitle\">Funding Statement<\/h2>\n<p>This study was supported by the Palack\u00fd University Olomouc (URL: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.upol.cz\" data-ga-action=\"click_feat_suppl\" ref=\"reftype=extlink&amp;article-id=9767360&amp;issue-id=422737&amp;journal-id=440&amp;FROM=Article%7CFront%20Matter&amp;TO=External%7CLink%7CURI\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">www.upol.cz<\/a>), grant project IGA_FTK_2020_011. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"notes-a.z.c\" class=\"tsec sec\">\n<div class=\"goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container\"><a class=\"tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading\" href=\"#\" title=\"Go to other sections in this page\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">Go to:<\/a><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"head no_bottom_margin ui-helper-clearfix\" id=\"notes-a.z.ctitle\">Data Availability<\/h2>\n<p>All relevant data are within the article and its <a href=\"#sec017\" rid=\"sec017\" class=\" sec\">Supporting Information<\/a> files.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"ref-list-a.ab.a\" class=\"tsec sec\">\n<div class=\"goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container\"><a class=\"tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading\" href=\"#\" title=\"Go to other sections in this page\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">Go 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target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" ref=\"reftype=other&amp;article-id=9767360&amp;issue-id=422737&amp;journal-id=440&amp;FROM=Article%7CCitationRef&amp;TO=Content%20Provider%7CLink%7CGoogle%20Scholar\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"display: none; width: 200px; top: -100px; left: -100px;\" aria-live=\"assertive\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"ui-helper-reset ui-ncbipopper-wrapper ui-ncbilinksmenu\">\n<ul id=\"ui-ncbiinpagenav-2\">\n<li><a href=\"#abstract-a.z.b.vtitle\">Abstract<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#sec005title\">Introduction<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#sec006title\">Methods<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#sec014title\">Results<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#sec015title\">Discussion<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#sec016title\">Conclusions<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#sec017title\">Supporting information<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#funding-group-a.z.b.wtitle\">Funding Statement<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#notes-a.z.ctitle\">Data Availability<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#ref-list-a.ab.atitle\">References<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Acute pre-exercise hydrogen rich water intake does not improve running performance at maximal aerobic speed in trained track and field runners: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":17900,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[130],"tags":[],"disease":[850],"body-organ":[1022],"applications":[680],"test_subjects":[1519],"report-topic":[1294],"class_list":["post-26656","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-hydrogen-health","disease-excercise-2","body-organ-whole-body-2","applications-ingestion-2","test_subjects-human-2","report-topic-performance-enhancement-2"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>H2 Water Intake and Running Performance<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Acute pre-exercise hydrogen rich water intake does not improve running performance at maximal aerobic speed in trained track and field runners: 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