{"id":27454,"date":"2024-01-03T21:46:59","date_gmt":"2024-01-03T19:46:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/hho-bulgaria.com\/h2-rich-saline-protects-against-hemorrhagic-shock\/"},"modified":"2024-01-29T21:39:11","modified_gmt":"2024-01-29T19:39:11","slug":"h2-rich-saline-protects-against-hemorrhagic-shock","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/hho-bulgaria.com\/en\/h2-rich-saline-protects-against-hemorrhagic-shock\/","title":{"rendered":"H2-rich saline protects against hemorrhagic shock"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"jig-ncbiinpagenav\" data-jigconfig=\"smoothScroll: false, allHeadingLevels: ['h2'], headingExclude: ':hidden,.nomenu'\" id=\"ui-ncbiinpagenav-1\">\n<div class=\"fm-sec half_rhythm no_top_margin\">\n<div class=\"fm-flexbox\">\n<div class=\"fm-citation\">\n<div class=\"citation-default\">\n<div class=\"part1\"><span role=\"menubar\"><a href=\"#\" role=\"menuitem\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">Exp Ther Med.<\/a><\/span> 2014 May; 7(5): 1253\u20131258. <\/div>\n<div class=\"part2\"><span class=\"fm-vol-iss-date\">Published online 2014 Feb 21. <\/span>  <span class=\"doi\"><span>doi:&nbsp;<\/span><a href=\"\/\/doi.org\/10.3892%2Fetm.2014.1572\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" ref=\"reftype=other&amp;article-id=3991545&amp;issue-id=236540&amp;journal-id=1895&amp;FROM=Article%7CFront%20Matter&amp;TO=Content%20Provider%7CCrosslink%7CDOI\">10.3892\/etm.2014.1572<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fm-ids\">\n<div class=\"fm-citation-pmcid\"><span class=\"fm-citation-ids-label\">PMCID: <\/span><span>PMC3991545<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"fm-citation-pmid\">PMID: <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/24940421\">24940421<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h1 class=\"content-title\">Protective effects of hydrogen-rich saline in uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock<\/h1>\n<div class=\"half_rhythm\">\n<div class=\"contrib-group fm-author\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/?term=DU%20Z%5BAuthor%5D\" class=\"affpopup\" co-rid=\"_co_idm140563283460992\" co-class=\"co-affbox\">ZUNMIN DU<\/a>,<sup>1<\/sup><sup><\/sup> <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/?term=JIA%20H%5BAuthor%5D\" class=\"affpopup\" co-rid=\"_co_idm140563284654016\" co-class=\"co-affbox\">HAIPENG JIA<\/a>,<sup>1<\/sup> <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/?term=LIU%20J%5BAuthor%5D\" class=\"affpopup\" co-rid=\"_co_idm140563284789264\" co-class=\"co-affbox\">JING LIU<\/a>,<sup>1<\/sup> <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/?term=ZHAO%20X%5BAuthor%5D\" class=\"affpopup\" co-rid=\"_co_idm140563284787728\" co-class=\"co-affbox\">XIAOMIN ZHAO<\/a>,<sup>2<\/sup> <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/?term=WANG%20Y%5BAuthor%5D\" class=\"affpopup\" co-rid=\"_co_idm140563247693696\" co-class=\"co-affbox\">YUN WANG<\/a>,<sup>2<\/sup> and  <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/?term=SUN%20X%5BAuthor%5D\" class=\"affpopup\" co-rid=\"_co_idm140563247691712\" co-class=\"co-affbox\">XUEJUN SUN<\/a><sup>3<\/sup><\/div>\n<div style=\"display:none\" class=\"contrib-group aff-tip\">\n<div id=\"_co_idm140563283460992\">\n<h3 class=\"no_margin\">ZUNMIN DU<\/h3>\n<p><sup>1<\/sup>Department of Hematology, The 88th Hospital of Chinese People\u2019s Liberation Army, Tai\u2019an, Shandong 271000, P.R. China<\/p>\n<div>Find articles by <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/?term=DU%20Z%5BAuthor%5D\">ZUNMIN DU<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"_co_idm140563284654016\">\n<h3 class=\"no_margin\">HAIPENG JIA<\/h3>\n<p><sup>1<\/sup>Department of Hematology, The 88th Hospital of Chinese People\u2019s Liberation Army, Tai\u2019an, Shandong 271000, P.R. China<\/p>\n<div>Find articles by <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/?term=JIA%20H%5BAuthor%5D\">HAIPENG JIA<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"_co_idm140563284789264\">\n<h3 class=\"no_margin\">JING LIU<\/h3>\n<p><sup>1<\/sup>Department of Hematology, The 88th Hospital of Chinese People\u2019s Liberation Army, Tai\u2019an, Shandong 271000, P.R. China<\/p>\n<div>Find articles by <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/?term=LIU%20J%5BAuthor%5D\">JING LIU<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"_co_idm140563284787728\">\n<h3 class=\"no_margin\">XIAOMIN ZHAO<\/h3>\n<p><sup>2<\/sup>Atherosclerosis Research Institute of Taishan Medical University, Tai\u2019an, Shandong 271000, P.R. China<\/p>\n<div>Find articles by <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/?term=ZHAO%20X%5BAuthor%5D\">XIAOMIN ZHAO<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"_co_idm140563247693696\">\n<h3 class=\"no_margin\">YUN WANG<\/h3>\n<p><sup>2<\/sup>Atherosclerosis Research Institute of Taishan Medical University, Tai\u2019an, Shandong 271000, P.R. China<\/p>\n<div>Find articles by <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/?term=WANG%20Y%5BAuthor%5D\">YUN WANG<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"_co_idm140563247691712\">\n<h3 class=\"no_margin\">XUEJUN SUN<\/h3>\n<p><sup>3<\/sup>Department of Diving Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China<\/p>\n<div>Find articles by <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/?term=SUN%20X%5BAuthor%5D\">XUEJUN SUN<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"half_rhythm\">\n<div class=\"togglers fm-copyright-license\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"pmctoggle\" rid=\"idm140563286505536_ai\">Author information<\/a> <a href=\"#\" class=\"pmctoggle\" rid=\"idm140563286505536_an\">Article notes<\/a> <a href=\"#\" class=\"pmctoggle\" rid=\"idm140563286505536_cpl\">Copyright and License information<\/a> <a href=\"\/pmc\/about\/disclaimer\/\" style=\"margin-left: 1em\">PMC Disclaimer<\/a><\/div>\n<div class=\"fm-authors-info hide half_rhythm\" id=\"idm140563286505536_ai\" style=\"display:none\">\n<div class=\"fm-affl\" id=\"af1-etm-07-05-1253\"><sup>1<\/sup>Department of Hematology, The 88th Hospital of Chinese People\u2019s Liberation Army, Tai\u2019an, Shandong 271000, P.R. China<\/div>\n<div class=\"fm-affl\" id=\"af2-etm-07-05-1253\"><sup>2<\/sup>Atherosclerosis Research Institute of Taishan Medical University, Tai\u2019an, Shandong 271000, P.R. China<\/div>\n<div class=\"fm-affl\" id=\"af3-etm-07-05-1253\"><sup>3<\/sup>Department of Diving Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China<\/div>\n<div id=\"c1-etm-07-05-1253\">Correspondence to: Dr Zunmin Du, Department of Hematology, The 88th Hospital of Chinese People\u2019s Liberation Army, 6 Hong Men Dong Cun, Tai\u2019an, Shandong 2710000, P.R. China, E-mail: <a href=\"mailto:dev@null\" data-email=\"ten.haey@h5nimnuz\" class=\"oemail\">ten.haey@h5nimnuz<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fm-article-notes hide half_rhythm\" id=\"idm140563286505536_an\" style=\"display:none\">\n<div class=\"fm-pubdate half_rhythm\">Received 2013 Sep 5; Accepted 2014 Feb 7.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"permissions half_rhythm hide\" id=\"idm140563286505536_cpl\" style=\"display:none\">\n<div class=\"fm-copyright half_rhythm\"><a href=\"\/pmc\/about\/copyright\/\">Copyright<\/a>  \u00a9 2014, Spandidos Publications<\/div>\n<div class=\"license half_rhythm\">This is an open-access article licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported License. The article may be redistributed, reproduced, and reused for non-commercial purposes, provided the original source is properly cited.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"pmclinksbox\" class=\"links-box whole_rhythm hidden\" role=\"complementary\" aria-label=\"Related or updated information about this article.\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"sec\"><\/div>\n<div id=\"abstract-a.p.b.s\" lang=\"en\" class=\"tsec sec\">\n<div class=\"goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container\"><span role=\"menubar\"><a class=\"tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading\" href=\"#\" title=\"Go to other sections in this page\" role=\"menuitem\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">Go to:<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"head no_bottom_margin ui-helper-clearfix\" id=\"abstract-a.p.b.stitle\">Abstract<\/h2>\n<p><!--article-meta--><\/p>\n<div>\n<p class=\"p p-first-last\">Hydrogen is considered to be a novel antioxidant as it inhibits inflammation, removes oxygen-derived free radicals and reduces oxidative damage. This study investigated the effects of hydrogen-rich saline on plasma interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 (TNF-\u03b1), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in rats with uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock (UHS). The UHS model was induced by arterial bleeding and tail amputation. The rats were randomly divided into: Group A (sham-operated group), Group B [shock + intravenously (IV) injected saline], Group C (shock + IV-injected hydrogen-rich saline), Group D [shock + intraperitoneally (IP) injected saline] and Group E (shock + IP-injected hydrogen-rich saline). The survival rate 24 h after successful resuscitation was calculated. The mean arterial pressure and heart rate were recorded at 0, 30, 90 and 210 min. The plasma levels of IL-6, TNF-\u03b1, SOD and MDA were measured at 0, 90 and 210 min. The survival rate of each group was 100% and the hemodynamics among the experimental groups were not significantly different. At 90 and 210 min, the levels of IL-6, TNF-\u03b1 and MDA in Groups C and E were lower than those of Groups B and D, while the SOD levels were higher than those of Groups B and D (P&lt;0.01). At 90 min, the levels of IL-6, TNF-\u03b1 and MDA in Groups B and C were lower than those of Groups D and E, respectively (P&lt;0.01). Hydrogen-rich saline has anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects in UHS. In conclusion, the results showed that itravenous injection of hydrogen-rich saline is more effective than intraperitonal injection.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"sec\"><strong class=\"kwd-title\">Keywords: <\/strong><span class=\"kwd-text\">uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock, inflammation factor, superoxide dismutase, malondialdehyde, antioxidant, oxidative damage, hydrogen-rich saline<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sec-a.q.a\" class=\"tsec sec\">\n<div class=\"goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container\"><a class=\"tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading\" href=\"#\" title=\"Go to other sections in this page\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">Go to:<\/a><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"head no_bottom_margin ui-helper-clearfix\" id=\"sec-a.q.atitle\">Introduction<\/h2>\n<p class=\"p p-first-last\">Uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock (UHS) causes low perfusion of visceral organs, ischemia and hypoxemia of tissue, release of inflammatory factors, generation of oxygen-derived free radicals and oxidative damage of tissue, multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) and a low rate of treatment success. Previous studies have shown that the inhalation of 2% hydrogen or injection of hydrogen-saturated saline inhibits inflammation, selectively removes oxygen-derived free radicals and reduces oxidative damage (<a href=\"#b1-etm-07-05-1253\" rid=\"b1-etm-07-05-1253\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">1<\/a>\u2013<a href=\"#b6-etm-07-05-1253\" rid=\"b6-etm-07-05-1253\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">6<\/a>), suggesting hydrogen-rich saline may play an important role in UHS. Therefore, we hypothesized that hydrogen-rich saline may have anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative roles in the treatment of hemorrhagic shock. However, there are no studies concerning the effects of hydrogen-rich saline in UHS. The present study was designed to investigate and compare the effects of hydrogen-rich saline injected intravenously (IV) or intraperitoneally (IP) on the plasma levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 (TNF-\u03b1), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in rats with UHS. The aim was to demonstrate the anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative functions of hydrogen-rich saline on UHS and to discuss the mechanism of action of hydrogen-rich saline.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sec-a.q.b\" class=\"tsec sec\">\n<div class=\"goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container\"><a class=\"tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading\" href=\"#\" title=\"Go to other sections in this page\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">Go to:<\/a><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"head no_bottom_margin ui-helper-clearfix\" id=\"sec-a.q.btitle\">Materials and methods<\/h2>\n<div id=\"sec-a.q.b.b\" class=\"sec sec-first\">\n<h3 id=\"sec-a.q.b.btitle\">Animals<\/h3>\n<p class=\"p p-first-last\">Healthy male Wistar rats (n=50; 290\u2013320 g) were provided by the Experimental Animal Center of Shandong University (Jinan, China). The study was approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of The 88th Hospital of Chinese People\u2019s Liberation Army (Tai\u2019an, China). All efforts were made to reduce the number of experimental animals used, to provide maximal relief of pain and to prohibit maltreatment of the animals.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sec-a.q.b.c\" class=\"sec\">\n<h3 id=\"sec-a.q.b.ctitle\">Preparation and preservation of hydrogen-rich saline<\/h3>\n<p class=\"p p-first-last\">The hydrogen-rich saline was prepared according to the methods of a previous study (<a href=\"#b7-etm-07-05-1253\" rid=\"b7-etm-07-05-1253\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">7<\/a>). Briefly, hydrogen was dissolved in normal saline for 2 h under high pressure (0.4 MPa) to achieve the supersaturated level using a self-designed, hydrogen-rich water-producing apparatus. The hydrogen-rich saline (250 ml) was stored under atmospheric pressure at 4\u00b0C in an aluminum bag without dead volume. Hydrogen-rich saline was freshly prepared on a weekly basis to ensure a constant concentration of &gt;0.6 mmol\/l.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sec-a.q.b.d\" class=\"sec\">\n<h3 id=\"sec-a.q.b.dtitle\">Preparation of UHS model<\/h3>\n<p class=\"p p-first-last\">Prior to the experiment, the rats were fed adaptively for one week at the Experimental Animal Center, Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Taishan Medical University (Tai\u2019an, China). The feeding environment was maintained at a temperature of 25\u00b12\u00b0C, humidity of 55% and with light-dark alternation at 12-h intervals. The rats were provided food and water <em>ad libitum<\/em>. Immediately prior to the experiment, the rats were deprived of food for 12 h and of water for 8 h. Sodium pentobarbital (1%; 4 mg\/100 g body weight) was injected into the thigh muscle of the posterior limb for anesthesia at a fixed rate. Two tubes were inserted into the two femoral arteries. One tube was connected to a survival rate physiological signal recorder to monitor mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR), and the other tube was used to allow bleeding and to obtain blood samples. A third tube was inserted into the left femoral vein for injection of heparinized saline (50 U\/100 g body weight) and intravenous transfusion. The UHS rat model was induced through an artery and tail amputation, according to the methods of a previous study (<a href=\"#b8-etm-07-05-1253\" rid=\"b8-etm-07-05-1253\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">8<\/a>). Briefly, the animals were stabilized for 10 min after anesthesia and intubation, following which the experimental timing commenced. Within 15 min, intermittent bleeding was conducted through the tube inserted into the femoral artery to maintain the MAP at 45 mmHg and the MAP was maintained at this level through adjustment of the blood loss quantity for 30 min. The blood obtained from the femoral artery was stored in a heparinized 10-ml sterile injector for blood retransfusion. At 45 min, 75% of the tail was amputated to cause active bleeding and the blood was collected in a heparinized sterile tube.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sec-a.q.b.e\" class=\"sec\">\n<h3 id=\"sec-a.q.b.etitle\">Experimental stages and groups<\/h3>\n<p class=\"p p-first-last\">The 50 rats were divided into five groups of 10 rats each. For Group A (sham-operated group), only anesthesia and intubation were implemented, the MAP and HR were monitored and blood samples were obtained. For Groups B and C, plain or hydrogen-rich saline was injected IV, respectively, at 30 min through the tube inserted into the femoral vein at a rate of 3\u20134 ml\/h to maintain the MAP at 60\u00b15 mmHg. For Groups D and E, 10 ml\/100 g body weight of plain or hydrogen-rich saline was injected IP, respectively, at 30 min to maintain the MAP at 60\u00b15 mmHg. At 90 min, Yunnan white drug-powder was applied externally to the end of the tails of the rats and the tail end was bound up with sterile gauze for hemostasis and blood transfusion. The MAP was raised to \u226590 mmHg by adjusting the transfusion rate. In the observation period, the rats were carried back to cages for individual feeding, with free access to water and food.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sec-a.q.b.f\" class=\"sec\">\n<h3 id=\"sec-a.q.b.ftitle\">Survival rate<\/h3>\n<p class=\"p p-first-last\">The survival rate of the experimental rats was calculated as: Number of rats surviving at 24 h after successful resuscitation\/number of rats in the same group \u00d7100%.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sec-a.q.b.g\" class=\"sec\">\n<h3 id=\"sec-a.q.b.gtitle\">Hemodynamic monitoring<\/h3>\n<p class=\"p p-first-last\">The multi-lead physiological signal recorder (type MP150; Biopac Systems, Inc., Goleta, CA, USA) was used for real-time monitoring of the MAP and HR. The MAP and HR of the rats in each group at 0, 30, 90 and 210 min were analyzed. MAP and HR were recorded during the observation period in freely moving animals.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sec-a.q.b.h\" class=\"sec\">\n<h3 id=\"sec-a.q.b.htitle\">Determination of plasma IL-6, TNF-\u03b1, SOD and MDA levels<\/h3>\n<p class=\"p p-first-last\">The arterial blood (0.5 ml) was obtained from the tube inserted in the femoral artery of rats at 0, 90 and 210 min and maintained at 4\u00b0C for 2 h. Subsequently, the blood was centrifuged for 10 min at 650 \u00d7 g, and the serum was refrigerated at \u221280\u00b0C for subsequent experiments. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits (Shanghai Lengton Bioscience Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China) were used to determine the plasma levels of IL-6, TNF-\u03b1, SOD and MDA according to the manufacturer\u2019s instructions. Following blood sampling, a corresponding amount of saline or hydrogen-rich saline was immediately supplied through the femoral vein.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sec-a.q.b.i\" class=\"sec sec-last\">\n<h3 id=\"sec-a.q.b.ititle\">Statistical analysis<\/h3>\n<p class=\"p p-first-last\">The software SPSS, version 13.0 for windows (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) was used for data analysis. Data are expressed as the mean \u00b1 standard deviation. For the overall comparison of the differences at different time points and in different groups, an analysis variance designed for repeated measures was used. For within-group comparisons at the same time point, one-way analysis of variance was used, and the Student-Newman-Keuls post-hoc test was used for pairwise comparisons. P&lt;0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sec-a.q.c\" class=\"tsec sec\">\n<div class=\"goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container\"><a class=\"tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading\" href=\"#\" title=\"Go to other sections in this page\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">Go to:<\/a><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"head no_bottom_margin ui-helper-clearfix\" id=\"sec-a.q.ctitle\">Results<\/h2>\n<div id=\"sec-a.q.c.b\" class=\"sec sec-first\">\n<h3 id=\"sec-a.q.c.btitle\">General<\/h3>\n<p class=\"p p-first-last\">The survival rate of the rats in each group was 100%. The weight of the rats in each group was comparable, and no significant differences in the blood loss, blood transfusions or infusion volume were observed (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3991545\/table\/tI-etm-07-05-1253\/\" target=\"table\" class=\"fig-table-link figpopup\" rid-figpopup=\"tI-etm-07-05-1253\" rid-ob=\"ob-tI-etm-07-05-1253\" co-legend-rid=\"\" rel=\"noopener\"><span>Table I<\/span><\/a>). All these factors were controlled, thus no differences were observed.<\/p>\n<p><!--table ft1--><!--table-wrap mode=\"anchored\" t5--><\/p>\n<div class=\"table-wrap anchored whole_rhythm\" id=\"tI-etm-07-05-1253\">\n<h3>Table I<\/h3>\n<p><!--caption a7--><\/p>\n<div class=\"caption\">\n<p>Characteristics of the rats in the different groups (n=10\/group; mean \u00b1 SD).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"xtable\">\n<table frame=\"hsides\" rules=\"groups\" class=\"rendered small default_table\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th align=\"left\" valign=\"bottom\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">Group<\/th>\n<th align=\"center\" valign=\"bottom\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">Weight (g)<\/th>\n<th align=\"center\" valign=\"bottom\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">Blood loss (ml)<\/th>\n<th align=\"center\" valign=\"bottom\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">Blood transfusions (ml)<\/th>\n<th align=\"center\" valign=\"bottom\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">Infusion volume (ml)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">A<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">302.60\u00b18.02<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">0.5<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">0<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">B<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">304.10\u00b19.45<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">6.85\u00b10.27<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">6.24\u00b10.40<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">13.91\u00b11.64<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">C<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">308.90\u00b14.48<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">6.87\u00b10.29<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">6.34\u00b10.34<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">14.55\u00b11.42<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">D<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">302.60\u00b18.02<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">7.07\u00b10.19<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">6.55\u00b10.16<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">14.30\u00b11.49<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">E<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">303.10\u00b19.75<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">6.88\u00b10.36<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">6.48\u00b10.33<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">13.05\u00b11.17<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">F value<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">1.03<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">1.31<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">2.04<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">2.09<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">Pr&gt;F<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">&gt;0.05<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">&gt;0.05<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">&gt;0.05<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">&gt;0.05<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"largeobj-link align_right\" id=\"largeobj_idm140563247643904\"><a target=\"object\" rel=\"noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3991545\/table\/tI-etm-07-05-1253\/?report=objectonly\">Open in a separate window<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sec-a.q.c.c\" class=\"sec\">\n<h3 id=\"sec-a.q.c.ctitle\">Hemodynamics<\/h3>\n<p class=\"p p-first-last\">As shown in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3991545\/table\/tII-etm-07-05-1253\/\" target=\"table\" class=\"fig-table-link figpopup\" rid-figpopup=\"tII-etm-07-05-1253\" rid-ob=\"ob-tII-etm-07-05-1253\" co-legend-rid=\"\" rel=\"noopener\"><span>Tables II<\/span><\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3991545\/table\/tIII-etm-07-05-1253\/\" target=\"table\" class=\"fig-table-link figpopup\" rid-figpopup=\"tIII-etm-07-05-1253\" rid-ob=\"ob-tIII-etm-07-05-1253\" co-legend-rid=\"\" rel=\"noopener\"><span>III<\/span><\/a>, at 0 min, the MAP was comparable among the five groups. At 30 min, the MAP in the four experimental groups (Groups B-E) was significantly lower than that of the sham-operated group (P&lt;0.01), but was not significantly different among the four experimental groups, showing that the UHS model was established successfully. A significantly lower MAP compared with that of the normal did not indicate UHS. At 30 and 90 min, no significant difference among the experimental groups in the MAP or HR was observed, suggesting that the hydrogen-rich saline had no marked influence on the resuscitation of the blood pressure and HR, regardless of whether it was injected IV or IP.<\/p>\n<p><!--table ft1--><!--table-wrap mode=\"anchored\" t5--><\/p>\n<div class=\"table-wrap anchored whole_rhythm\" id=\"tII-etm-07-05-1253\">\n<h3>Table II<\/h3>\n<p><!--caption a7--><\/p>\n<div class=\"caption\">\n<p>Changes in the MAP of the rats in the different groups at four time points (n=10\/group; mean \u00b1 SD, mmHg).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"xtable\">\n<table frame=\"hsides\" rules=\"groups\" class=\"rendered small default_table\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th align=\"left\" valign=\"bottom\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\"><\/th>\n<th colspan=\"4\" align=\"center\" valign=\"bottom\" rowspan=\"1\">Time after injury (min)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th align=\"left\" valign=\"bottom\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\"><\/th>\n<th colspan=\"4\" align=\"left\" valign=\"bottom\" rowspan=\"1\">\n<hr>\n<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th align=\"left\" valign=\"bottom\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">Group<\/th>\n<th align=\"center\" valign=\"bottom\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">0<\/th>\n<th align=\"center\" valign=\"bottom\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">30<\/th>\n<th align=\"center\" valign=\"bottom\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">90<\/th>\n<th align=\"center\" valign=\"bottom\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">210<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">A<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">128.00\u00b11.79<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">129.50\u00b13.61<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">128.16\u00b13.82<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">124.00\u00b13.10<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">B<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">128.67\u00b15.20<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">39.83\u00b11.834<sup>a<\/sup><\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">62.00\u00b13.58<sup>a<\/sup><\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">99.67\u00b14.08<sup>a<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">C<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">126.83\u00b111.41<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">40.83\u00b11.94<sup>a<\/sup><\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">59.50\u00b12.59<sup>a<\/sup><\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">108.50\u00b19.50<sup>a<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">D<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">123.17\u00b16.11<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">39.50\u00b11.87<sup>a<\/sup><\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">61.17\u00b12.99<sup>a<\/sup><\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">112.17\u00b19.80<sup>a<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">E<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">131.00\u00b19.30<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">41.67\u00b12.65<sup>a<\/sup><\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">60.33\u00b12.16<sup>a<\/sup><\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">107.83\u00b111.36<sup>a<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">F value<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">0.87<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">1545.21<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">572.24<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">6.88<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">Pr&gt;F<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">&gt;0.05<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">&lt;0.01<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">&lt;0.01<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">&lt;0.01<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"largeobj-link align_right\" id=\"largeobj_idm140563247032304\"><a target=\"object\" rel=\"noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3991545\/table\/tII-etm-07-05-1253\/?report=objectonly\">Open in a separate window<\/a><\/div>\n<div class=\"tblwrap-foot\">\n<div id=\"tfn1-etm-07-05-1253\"><sup>a<\/sup>P&lt;0.01 vs. Group A.<\/div>\n<div id=\"tfn2-etm-07-05-1253\">\n<p class=\"p p-first-last\">MAP, mean arterial pressure.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><!--table ft1--><!--table-wrap mode=\"anchored\" t5--><\/p>\n<div class=\"table-wrap anchored whole_rhythm\" id=\"tIII-etm-07-05-1253\">\n<h3>Table III<\/h3>\n<p><!--caption a7--><\/p>\n<div class=\"caption\">\n<p>Changes in the HR of the rats in the different group at four time points (n=10\/group; mean \u00b1 SD, beats\/min).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"xtable\">\n<table frame=\"hsides\" rules=\"groups\" class=\"rendered small default_table\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th align=\"left\" valign=\"bottom\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\"><\/th>\n<th colspan=\"4\" align=\"center\" valign=\"bottom\" rowspan=\"1\">Time after injury (min)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th align=\"left\" valign=\"bottom\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\"><\/th>\n<th colspan=\"4\" align=\"left\" valign=\"bottom\" rowspan=\"1\">\n<hr>\n<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th align=\"left\" valign=\"bottom\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">Group<\/th>\n<th align=\"center\" valign=\"bottom\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">0<\/th>\n<th align=\"center\" valign=\"bottom\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">30<\/th>\n<th align=\"center\" valign=\"bottom\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">90<\/th>\n<th align=\"center\" valign=\"bottom\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">210<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">A<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">485.67\u00b127.37<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">467.50\u00b18.76<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">461.33\u00b116.13<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">492.50\u00b141.29<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">B<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">469.33\u00b113.31<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">489.67\u00b113.65<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">476.00\u00b14.90<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">451.67\u00b136.15<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">C<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">475.17\u00b118.76<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">492.17\u00b116.52<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">472.67\u00b119.19<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">456.67\u00b141.00<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">D<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">479.17\u00b144.29<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">497.00\u00b137.94<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">463.17\u00b111.92<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">478.83\u00b122.61<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">E<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">476.00\u00b126.86<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">496.83\u00b126.78<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">455.50\u00b132.65<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">477.50\u00b130.57<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">F value<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">0.27<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">1.66<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">1.15<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">1.40<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">Pr&gt;F<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">&gt;0.05<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">&gt;0.05<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">&gt;0.05<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">&gt;0.05<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"largeobj-link align_right\" id=\"largeobj_idm140563283202960\"><a target=\"object\" rel=\"noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3991545\/table\/tIII-etm-07-05-1253\/?report=objectonly\">Open in a separate window<\/a><\/div>\n<div class=\"tblwrap-foot\">\n<div id=\"tfn3-etm-07-05-1253\">\n<p class=\"p p-first-last\">HR, heart rate.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sec-a.q.c.d\" class=\"sec\">\n<h3 id=\"sec-a.q.c.dtitle\">Hydrogen-rich saline inhibits the generation and release of IL-6 and TNF-\u03b1 in UHS rats<\/h3>\n<p class=\"p p-first\">As shown in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3991545\/table\/tIV-etm-07-05-1253\/\" target=\"table\" class=\"fig-table-link figpopup\" rid-figpopup=\"tIV-etm-07-05-1253\" rid-ob=\"ob-tIV-etm-07-05-1253\" co-legend-rid=\"\" rel=\"noopener\"><span>Table IV<\/span><\/a>, the IL-6 levels in each experimental group gradually increased as the recovery increased. At 90 and 210 min, the IL-6 levels in Group D were significantly higher when compared with those of Groups B and E, and the IL-6 levels in Groups B and E were higher when compared with those of Group C (P&lt;0.01).<\/p>\n<p><!--table ft1--><!--table-wrap mode=\"anchored\" t5--><\/p>\n<div class=\"table-wrap anchored whole_rhythm\" id=\"tIV-etm-07-05-1253\">\n<h3>Table IV<\/h3>\n<p><!--caption a7--><\/p>\n<div class=\"caption\">\n<p>Changes in the IL-6 levels of the rats in the in different groups at three time points (n=10\/group; mean \u00b1 SD, ng\/l).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"xtable\">\n<table frame=\"hsides\" rules=\"groups\" class=\"rendered small default_table\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th align=\"left\" valign=\"bottom\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\"><\/th>\n<th colspan=\"3\" align=\"center\" valign=\"bottom\" rowspan=\"1\">Time after injury (min)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th align=\"left\" valign=\"bottom\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\"><\/th>\n<th colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\" valign=\"bottom\" rowspan=\"1\">\n<hr>\n<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th align=\"left\" valign=\"bottom\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">Group<\/th>\n<th align=\"center\" valign=\"bottom\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">0<\/th>\n<th align=\"center\" valign=\"bottom\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">90<\/th>\n<th align=\"center\" valign=\"bottom\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">210<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">A<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">72.24\u00b115.54<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">74.58\u00b113.79<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">75.21\u00b114.17<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">B<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">71.91\u00b114.95<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">179.13\u00b112.86<sup>a<\/sup>,<sup>c<\/sup><\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">268.93\u00b18.55<sup>a<\/sup>,<sup>c<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">C<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">74.41\u00b112.72<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">140.78\u00b17.61<sup>a<\/sup>,<sup>b<\/sup>,<sup>d<\/sup><\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">233.07\u00b16.28<sup>a<\/sup>,<sup>b<\/sup>,<sup>d<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">D<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">71.24\u00b115.36<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">209.86\u00b110.08<sup>a<\/sup>,<sup>b<\/sup>,<sup>d<\/sup><\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">308.07\u00b114.57<sup>a<\/sup>,<sup>b<\/sup>,<sup>d<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">E<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">71.74\u00b112.81<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">170.95\u00b19.85<sup>a<\/sup>,<sup>c<\/sup><\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">270.11\u00b110.30<sup>a<\/sup>,<sup>c<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">F value<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">0.04<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">129.37<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">393.85<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">Pr&gt;F<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">&gt;0.05<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">&lt;0.01<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">&lt;0.01<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"largeobj-link align_right\" id=\"largeobj_idm140563284021920\"><a target=\"object\" rel=\"noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3991545\/table\/tIV-etm-07-05-1253\/?report=objectonly\">Open in a separate window<\/a><\/div>\n<div class=\"tblwrap-foot\">\n<div id=\"tfn4-etm-07-05-1253\"><sup>a<\/sup>P&lt;0.01 vs. sham-operated group;<\/div>\n<div id=\"tfn5-etm-07-05-1253\"><sup>b<\/sup>P&lt;0.01 vs. Group B;<\/div>\n<div id=\"tfn6-etm-07-05-1253\"><sup>c<\/sup>P&lt;0.01 vs. Group D;<\/div>\n<div id=\"tfn7-etm-07-05-1253\"><sup>d<\/sup>P&lt;0.01 vs. Group E.<\/div>\n<div id=\"tfn8-etm-07-05-1253\">\n<p class=\"p p-first-last\">IL-6, interleukin-6.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"p p-last\">As shown in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3991545\/table\/tV-etm-07-05-1253\/\" target=\"table\" class=\"fig-table-link figpopup\" rid-figpopup=\"tV-etm-07-05-1253\" rid-ob=\"ob-tV-etm-07-05-1253\" co-legend-rid=\"\" rel=\"noopener\"><span>Table V<\/span><\/a>, the TNF-\u03b1 levels in the four experimental groups (Groups B-E) increased initially and then decreased slightly. In these four groups, the TNF-\u03b1 levels at 90 min were significantly higher than those at 210 min and were significantly greater than those in the sham-operated group at the two time-points (P&lt;0.01 for all comparisons). At 90 min, the TNF-\u03b1 levels in Groups B and E were significantly higher than those in Group C, and the TNF-\u03b1 levels in Group D were significantly higher than those in Groups B and E (P&lt;0.01). At 210 min, the TNF-\u03b1 levels in Group B were higher than those in Group C, and the TNF-\u03b1 levels in Group D were higher than those in Groups B and E (P&lt;0.01 for all comparisons). However, no significant difference was observed between the levels in Groups C and E.<\/p>\n<p><!--table ft1--><!--table-wrap mode=\"anchored\" t5--><\/p>\n<div class=\"table-wrap anchored whole_rhythm\" id=\"tV-etm-07-05-1253\">\n<h3>Table V<\/h3>\n<p><!--caption a7--><\/p>\n<div class=\"caption\">\n<p>Changes in the TNF-\u03b1 levels of the rats in the different groups at three time points (n=10\/group; mean \u00b1 SD, ng\/l)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"xtable\">\n<table frame=\"hsides\" rules=\"groups\" class=\"rendered small default_table\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th align=\"left\" valign=\"bottom\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\"><\/th>\n<th colspan=\"3\" align=\"center\" valign=\"bottom\" rowspan=\"1\">Time after injury (min)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th align=\"left\" valign=\"bottom\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\"><\/th>\n<th colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\" valign=\"bottom\" rowspan=\"1\">\n<hr>\n<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th align=\"left\" valign=\"bottom\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">Group<\/th>\n<th align=\"center\" valign=\"bottom\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">0<\/th>\n<th align=\"center\" valign=\"bottom\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">90<\/th>\n<th align=\"center\" valign=\"bottom\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">210<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">A<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">25.07\u00b13.54<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">28.07\u00b12.43<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">26.40\u00b13.87<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">B<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">27.40\u00b14.18<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">157.27\u00b16.39<sup>a<\/sup>,<sup>c<\/sup>,<sup>e<\/sup><\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">136.22\u00b17.17<sup>a<\/sup>,<sup>c<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">C<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">26.40\u00b13.14<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">134.61\u00b14.68<sup>a<\/sup>,<sup>b<\/sup>,<sup>d<\/sup>,<sup>e<\/sup><\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">108.38\u00b15.60<sup>a<\/sup>,<sup>b<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">D<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">28.57\u00b11.55<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">165.29\u00b14.00<sup>a<\/sup>,<sup>b<\/sup>,<sup>e<\/sup><\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">146.01\u00b14.67<sup>a<\/sup>,<sup>b<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">E<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">25.40\u00b14.06<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">145.56\u00b13.77<sup>a<\/sup>,<sup>c<\/sup>,<sup>e<\/sup><\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">110.99\u00b19.23<sup>a<\/sup>,<sup>c<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">F value<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">1.06<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">953.89<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">325.60<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">Pr&gt;F<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">&gt;0.05<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">&lt;0.01<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">&lt;0.01<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"largeobj-link align_right\" id=\"largeobj_idm140563284417936\"><a target=\"object\" rel=\"noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3991545\/table\/tV-etm-07-05-1253\/?report=objectonly\">Open in a separate window<\/a><\/div>\n<div class=\"tblwrap-foot\">\n<div id=\"tfn9-etm-07-05-1253\"><sup>a<\/sup>P&lt;0.01 vs. sham-operated group;<\/div>\n<div id=\"tfn10-etm-07-05-1253\"><sup>b<\/sup>P&lt;0.01 vs. Group B;<\/div>\n<div id=\"tfn11-etm-07-05-1253\"><sup>c<\/sup>P&lt;0.01 vs. Group D;<\/div>\n<div id=\"tfn12-etm-07-05-1253\"><sup>d<\/sup>P&lt;0.01 vs. Group E;<\/div>\n<div id=\"tfn13-etm-07-05-1253\"><sup>e<\/sup>P&lt;0.01 vs. 210 min.<\/div>\n<div id=\"tfn14-etm-07-05-1253\">\n<p class=\"p p-first-last\">TNF-\u03b1, tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sec-a.q.c.e\" class=\"sec sec-last\">\n<h3 id=\"sec-a.q.c.etitle\">Hydrogen-rich saline reduces the consumption of SOD and production of MDA in UHS rats<\/h3>\n<p class=\"p p-first\">The SOD levels gradually decreased as the recovery time increased (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3991545\/table\/tVI-etm-07-05-1253\/\" target=\"table\" class=\"fig-table-link figpopup\" rid-figpopup=\"tVI-etm-07-05-1253\" rid-ob=\"ob-tVI-etm-07-05-1253\" co-legend-rid=\"\" rel=\"noopener\"><span>Table VI<\/span><\/a>). At 90 and 210 min, the SOD levels in Groups C and E were higher than those in Groups B and D, respectively (P&lt;0.01 for each comparison). However, no significant differences were observed between Groups C and E or Groups B and D.<\/p>\n<p><!--table ft1--><!--table-wrap mode=\"anchored\" t5--><\/p>\n<div class=\"table-wrap anchored whole_rhythm\" id=\"tVI-etm-07-05-1253\">\n<h3>Table VI<\/h3>\n<p><!--caption a7--><\/p>\n<div class=\"caption\">\n<p>Changes in the SOD levels of the rats in the different groups at three time points (n=10\/group; mean \u00b1 SD, ng\/l).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"xtable\">\n<table frame=\"hsides\" rules=\"groups\" class=\"rendered small default_table\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th align=\"left\" valign=\"bottom\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\"><\/th>\n<th colspan=\"3\" align=\"center\" valign=\"bottom\" rowspan=\"1\">Time after injury (min)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th align=\"left\" valign=\"bottom\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\"><\/th>\n<th colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\" valign=\"bottom\" rowspan=\"1\">\n<hr>\n<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th align=\"left\" valign=\"bottom\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">Group<\/th>\n<th align=\"center\" valign=\"bottom\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">0<\/th>\n<th align=\"center\" valign=\"bottom\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">90<\/th>\n<th align=\"center\" valign=\"bottom\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">210<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">A<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">3.71\u00b10.21<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">3.65\u00b10.20<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">3.71\u00b10.21<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">B<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">3.64\u00b10.18<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">1.89\u00b10.05<sup>a<\/sup><\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">1.17\u00b10.19<sup>a<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">C<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">3.80\u00b10.16<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">2.37\u00b10.07<sup>a<\/sup>,<sup>b<\/sup><\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">1.78\u00b10.09<sup>a<\/sup>,<sup>b<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">D<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">3.78\u00b10.12<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">1.81\u00b10.09<sup>a<\/sup><\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">1.19\u00b10.12<sup>a<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">E<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">3.76\u00b10.17<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">2.22\u00b10.47<sup>a<\/sup>,<sup>c<\/sup><\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">1.63\u00b10.08<sup>a<\/sup>,<sup>c<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">F value<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">0.82<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">61.28<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">309.17<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">Pr&gt;F<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">&gt;0.05<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">&lt;0.01<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">&lt;0.01<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"largeobj-link align_right\" id=\"largeobj_idm140563238855696\"><a target=\"object\" rel=\"noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3991545\/table\/tVI-etm-07-05-1253\/?report=objectonly\">Open in a separate window<\/a><\/div>\n<div class=\"tblwrap-foot\">\n<div id=\"tfn15-etm-07-05-1253\"><sup>a<\/sup>P&lt;0.01 vs. Group A;<\/div>\n<div id=\"tfn16-etm-07-05-1253\"><sup>b<\/sup>P&lt;0.01 vs. Group B;<\/div>\n<div id=\"tfn17-etm-07-05-1253\"><sup>c<\/sup>P&lt;0.01 vs. Group D.<\/div>\n<div id=\"tfn18-etm-07-05-1253\">\n<p class=\"p p-first-last\">SOD, superoxide dismutase.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"p p-last\">The MDA levels in each experimental group gradually increased as the recovery time increased (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3991545\/table\/tVII-etm-07-05-1253\/\" target=\"table\" class=\"fig-table-link figpopup\" rid-figpopup=\"tVII-etm-07-05-1253\" rid-ob=\"ob-tVII-etm-07-05-1253\" co-legend-rid=\"\" rel=\"noopener\"><span>Table VII<\/span><\/a>). At 90 and 210 min, the MDA levels in each experimental group were increased significantly from the baseline (0 min; P&lt;0.01). At the two time points, the MDA levels in Groups C and E were lower than those in Groups B and D, respectively (P&lt;0.01). Additionally, at 90 and 210 min, the MDA levels in Groups B and C were significantly lower than those in Groups D and E, respectively (P&lt;0.01).<\/p>\n<p><!--table ft1--><!--table-wrap mode=\"anchored\" t5--><\/p>\n<div class=\"table-wrap anchored whole_rhythm\" id=\"tVII-etm-07-05-1253\">\n<h3>Table VII<\/h3>\n<p><!--caption a7--><\/p>\n<div class=\"caption\">\n<p>Changes in the MDA levels of the rats in the different groups at three time points (n=10\/group; mean \u00b1 SD, nmol\/ml).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"xtable\">\n<table frame=\"hsides\" rules=\"groups\" class=\"rendered small default_table\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th align=\"left\" valign=\"bottom\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\"><\/th>\n<th colspan=\"3\" align=\"center\" valign=\"bottom\" rowspan=\"1\">Time after injury (min)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th align=\"left\" valign=\"bottom\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\"><\/th>\n<th colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\" valign=\"bottom\" rowspan=\"1\">\n<hr>\n<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th align=\"left\" valign=\"bottom\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">Group<\/th>\n<th align=\"center\" valign=\"bottom\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">0<\/th>\n<th align=\"center\" valign=\"bottom\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">90<\/th>\n<th align=\"center\" valign=\"bottom\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">210<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">A<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">3.31\u00b10.15<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">3.32\u00b10.14<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">3.41\u00b10.18<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">B<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">3.27\u00b10.07<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">5.33\u00b10.10<sup>a<\/sup>,<sup>c<\/sup><\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">7.30\u00b10.07<sup>a<\/sup>,<sup>c<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">C<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">3.34\u00b10.15<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">4.55\u00b10.23<sup>a<\/sup>,<sup>b<\/sup><\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">6.27\u00b10.07<sup>a<\/sup>,<sup>b<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">D<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">3.34\u00b10.15<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">5.88\u00b10.05<sup>a<\/sup>,<sup>b<\/sup><\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">7.53\u00b10.08<sup>a<\/sup>,<sup>b<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">E<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">3.30\u00b10.10<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">5.13\u00b10.07<sup>a<\/sup>,<sup>c<\/sup><\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">7.12\u00b10.05<sup>a<\/sup>,<sup>c<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">F value<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">0.35<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">312.23<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">1663.08<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">Pr&gt;F<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">&gt;0.05<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">&lt;0.01<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"1\" colspan=\"1\">&lt;0.01<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"largeobj-link align_right\" id=\"largeobj_idm140563287323728\"><a target=\"object\" rel=\"noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3991545\/table\/tVII-etm-07-05-1253\/?report=objectonly\">Open in a separate window<\/a><\/div>\n<div class=\"tblwrap-foot\">\n<div id=\"tfn19-etm-07-05-1253\"><sup>a<\/sup>P&lt;0.01 vs. Group A;<\/div>\n<div id=\"tfn20-etm-07-05-1253\"><sup>b<\/sup>P&lt;0.01 vs. Group B;<\/div>\n<div id=\"tfn21-etm-07-05-1253\"><sup>c<\/sup>P&lt;0.01 vs. Group D.<\/div>\n<div id=\"tfn22-etm-07-05-1253\">\n<p class=\"p p-first-last\">MDA, malondialdehyde.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sec-a.q.d\" class=\"tsec sec\">\n<div class=\"goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container\"><a class=\"tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading\" href=\"#\" title=\"Go to other sections in this page\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">Go to:<\/a><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"head no_bottom_margin ui-helper-clearfix\" id=\"sec-a.q.dtitle\">Discussion<\/h2>\n<p class=\"p p-first\">Hemorrhagic shock may cause a series of responses, including the release of inflammatory factors such as TNF and IL-6 and oxidative damage, while inflammatory factors and oxygen-derived free radicals play an important role in the development of shock (<a href=\"#b9-etm-07-05-1253\" rid=\"b9-etm-07-05-1253\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">9<\/a>,<a href=\"#b10-etm-07-05-1253\" rid=\"b10-etm-07-05-1253\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">10<\/a>). In 1986, Tracey <em>et al<\/em> mimicked the pathological changes in hemodynamics and the injuries of cells and tissues in infectious shock using rats injected with recombinant human TNF-\u03b1 (<a href=\"#b11-etm-07-05-1253\" rid=\"b11-etm-07-05-1253\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">11<\/a>). Additionally, Qiu <em>et al<\/em> identified the combination of TNF-\u03b1 with mTNF-1R in the inflammatory reaction (<a href=\"#b12-etm-07-05-1253\" rid=\"b12-etm-07-05-1253\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">12<\/a>). IL-6 is generated by monocyte-macrophage cells, T-helper type 2 cells, endothelial cells and numerous other types of cell, and has a close association with the severity and lethality of systemic inflammatory response syndrome and MODS. IL-6 not only activates and poisons vascular endothelial and inflammatory cells, but also induces the synthesis of acute-phase proteins, catalyzes and amplifies the inflammatory reaction and toxicity, and causes damage to histiocytes and MODS (<a href=\"#b13-etm-07-05-1253\" rid=\"b13-etm-07-05-1253\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">13<\/a>). Active oxygen-free radicals attack the biological membrane of unsaturated fatty acids, causing lipid peroxidation into MDA. Thus, the content of MDA is a measure of the extent of lipid peroxidation damage (<a href=\"#b14-etm-07-05-1253\" rid=\"b14-etm-07-05-1253\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">14<\/a>). SODs are a group of heavy metal enzymes that reduce the levels of oxygen-derived free radicals and moderate the inflammatory reaction resulting from shock and ischemia-reperfusion injury. Tan <em>et al<\/em> (<a href=\"#b15-etm-07-05-1253\" rid=\"b15-etm-07-05-1253\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">15<\/a>) and Rhee <em>et al<\/em> (<a href=\"#b16-etm-07-05-1253\" rid=\"b16-etm-07-05-1253\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">16<\/a>) reported that, in a hemorrhagic shock animal model, the oxygen-derived free radical scavenger SOD reduces fatalities. In the present study, it was found that the levels of IL-6, TNF-\u03b1 and MDA were increased while the levels of SOD were reduced in UHS rats compared with those of sham-operated rats, suggesting the existence of the inflammatory response in UHS and oxidative damage, and this result is consistent with that of previous studies (<a href=\"#b17-etm-07-05-1253\" rid=\"b17-etm-07-05-1253\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">17<\/a>).<\/p>\n<p>In 2007, Ohsawa <em>et al<\/em> demonstrated that hydrogen significantly improves brain ischemia-reperfusion injury and increases the SOD levels in animals by selectively neutralizing hydroxyl radicals and peroxynitrite anions, which are the most important causes of oxidative damage (<a href=\"#b6-etm-07-05-1253\" rid=\"b6-etm-07-05-1253\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">6<\/a>), suggesting that hydrogen may improve the levels of SOD activity in the endogenous antioxidant system and reduce the levels of activated oxygen-derived free radicals. In a study of the protective action of hydrogen against radiation damage in mice, Qian <em>et al<\/em> showed that IP injection of hydrogen-saturated saline prior to the delivery of radiation improves the SOD levels in the plasma (<a href=\"#b18-etm-07-05-1253\" rid=\"b18-etm-07-05-1253\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">18<\/a>). Findings of those studies are consistent with the results of the present study that hydrogen increases the levels of MDA but decreases the levels of SOD, suggesting the protective effect of hydrogen in UHS is through an anti-oxidative effect. However, in the present study, a difference in the survival rate among the groups of rats was not observed. Xie <em>et al<\/em> reported that 2% hydrogen inhalation at 1 and 6 h after establishment of a sepsis model increased the survival rate of mice with moderate and severe blood poisoning and attenuated organ damage (<a href=\"#b19-etm-07-05-1253\" rid=\"b19-etm-07-05-1253\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">19<\/a>). The discrepancy may be partially due to the mild hemorrhagic shock in the present study, which is supported by the result that no differences in the MAP and HR were found among the different groups. In addition, the present study indicated that IV-injected hydrogen has an improved effect compared with that of IP-injected hydrogen, which is consistent with the results of a previous study (<a href=\"#b20-etm-07-05-1253\" rid=\"b20-etm-07-05-1253\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">20<\/a>), indicating that the effect of hydrogen may be associated with its pharmacokinetics.<\/p>\n<p>The mechanism of the anti-oxidative effect of hydrogen in hemorrhagic shock may be associated with its anti-inflammatory effect. This hypothesis is supported by previous studies (<a href=\"#b6-etm-07-05-1253\" rid=\"b6-etm-07-05-1253\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">6<\/a>,<a href=\"#b18-etm-07-05-1253\" rid=\"b18-etm-07-05-1253\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">18<\/a>) and the result of the present study that hydrogen decreases the plasma levels of IL-6 and TNF-\u03b1. In addition, Xu <em>et al<\/em> demonstrated that hydrogen inhibits the infiltration of partial neutrophilic granulocytes, reduces the mRNA levels of TNF-\u03b1 in activated macrophages and inhibits TNF-\u03b1 secretion by macrophages (<a href=\"#b21-etm-07-05-1253\" rid=\"b21-etm-07-05-1253\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">21<\/a>). In models for intestinal transplantation (<a href=\"#b22-etm-07-05-1253\" rid=\"b22-etm-07-05-1253\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">22<\/a>) and intestinal ischemia\/reperfusion (<a href=\"#b23-etm-07-05-1253\" rid=\"b23-etm-07-05-1253\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">23<\/a>), hydrogen relieves the damage of the intestinal implant, reduces the levels of IL-1\u03b2 and IL-6 in the muscular layer of the implant and lung tissue, and reduces the mRNA levels of chemotactic factors and the infiltration of neutrophilic granulocytes in the lung and intestinal tissues. These results suggested an anti-inflammatory effect of hydrogen.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p p-last\">In summary, the present study has shown that hydrogen has a protective effect in UHS which is associated with its anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative actions. In addition, IV-administered hydrogen has an improved effect compared with that of IP-administered hydrogen.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"ref-list-a.r.a\" class=\"tsec sec\">\n<div class=\"goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container\"><a class=\"tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading\" href=\"#\" title=\"Go to other sections in this page\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">Go to:<\/a><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"head no_bottom_margin ui-helper-clearfix\" id=\"ref-list-a.r.atitle\">References<\/h2>\n<div class=\"ref-list-sec sec\" id=\"reference-list\">\n<div class=\"ref-cit-blk half_rhythm\" id=\"b1-etm-07-05-1253\">1. <span class=\"element-citation\">Huang CS, Kawamura T, Toyoda Y, Nakao A. 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ref=\"reftype=other&amp;article-id=3991545&amp;issue-id=236540&amp;journal-id=1895&amp;FROM=Article%7CCitationRef&amp;TO=Content%20Provider%7CLink%7CGoogle%20Scholar\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"display: none; width: 202px; top: -100px; left: -100px;\" aria-live=\"assertive\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"ui-helper-reset ui-ncbipopper-wrapper ui-ncbilinksmenu\">\n<ul id=\"ui-ncbiinpagenav-2\">\n<li><a href=\"#abstract-a.p.b.stitle\">Abstract<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#sec-a.q.atitle\">Introduction<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#sec-a.q.btitle\">Materials and methods<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#sec-a.q.ctitle\">Results<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#sec-a.q.dtitle\">Discussion<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#ref-list-a.r.atitle\">References<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Protective effects of hydrogen-rich saline in uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":17899,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[130],"tags":[],"disease":[922],"body-organ":[1022],"applications":[682],"test_subjects":[1517],"report-topic":[1382],"class_list":["post-27454","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-hydrogen-health","disease-shock-2","body-organ-whole-body-2","applications-injection-2","test_subjects-rat-2","report-topic-hemorrhagic-shock-2"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>H2-rich saline protects against hemorrhagic shock<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Protective effects of hydrogen-rich saline in uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, 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