{"id":27596,"date":"2024-01-03T21:49:04","date_gmt":"2024-01-03T19:49:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/hho-bulgaria.com\/h2-rich-saline-shields-against-uvb-damage\/"},"modified":"2024-01-29T21:30:53","modified_gmt":"2024-01-29T19:30:53","slug":"h2-rich-saline-shields-against-uvb-damage","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/hho-bulgaria.com\/en\/h2-rich-saline-shields-against-uvb-damage\/","title":{"rendered":"H2-rich saline shields against UVB damage"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"jig-ncbiinpagenav\" data-jigconfig=\"smoothScroll: false, allHeadingLevels: ['h2'], headingExclude: ':hidden,.nomenu'\" id=\"ui-ncbiinpagenav-1\">\n<div class=\"fm-sec half_rhythm no_top_margin\">\n<div class=\"fm-flexbox\">\n<div class=\"fm-citation\">\n<div class=\"citation-default\">\n<div class=\"part1\"><span role=\"menubar\"><a href=\"#\" role=\"menuitem\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">J Biomed Res.<\/a><\/span> 2012 Sep; 26(5): 365\u2013371. <\/div>\n<div class=\"part2\"><span class=\"fm-vol-iss-date\">Published online 2012 Apr 24. <\/span>  <span class=\"doi\"><span>doi:&nbsp;<\/span><a href=\"\/\/doi.org\/10.7555%2FJBR.26.20110037\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" ref=\"reftype=other&amp;article-id=3597779&amp;issue-id=220694&amp;journal-id=1958&amp;FROM=Article%7CFront%20Matter&amp;TO=Content%20Provider%7CCrosslink%7CDOI\">10.7555\/JBR.26.20110037<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fm-ids\">\n<div class=\"fm-citation-pmcid\"><span class=\"fm-citation-ids-label\">PMCID: <\/span><span>PMC3597779<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"fm-citation-pmid\">PMID: <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/23554772\">23554772<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h1 class=\"content-title\">Hydrogen-rich saline protects against ultraviolet B radiation injury in rats<\/h1>\n<div class=\"half_rhythm\">\n<div class=\"contrib-group fm-author\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/?term=Guo%20Z%5BAuthor%5D\" class=\"affpopup\" co-rid=\"_co_idm140452104346336\" co-class=\"co-affbox\">Ze Guo<\/a>,<sup>a<\/sup> <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/?term=Zhou%20B%5BAuthor%5D\" class=\"affpopup\" co-rid=\"_co_idm140452104344688\" co-class=\"co-affbox\">Bingrong Zhou<\/a>,<sup>a<\/sup> <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/?term=Li%20W%5BAuthor%5D\" class=\"affpopup\" co-rid=\"_co_idm140452112629360\" co-class=\"co-affbox\">Wei Li<\/a>,<sup>a<\/sup> <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/?term=Sun%20X%5BAuthor%5D\" class=\"affpopup\" co-rid=\"_co_idm140452104234800\" co-class=\"co-affbox\">Xuejun Sun<\/a>,<sup>b<\/sup> and  <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/?term=Luo%20D%5BAuthor%5D\" class=\"affpopup\" co-rid=\"_co_idm140452111903856\" co-class=\"co-affbox\">Dan Luo<\/a><sup>a,<\/sup><sup>*<\/sup><\/div>\n<div style=\"display:none\" class=\"contrib-group aff-tip\">\n<div id=\"_co_idm140452104346336\">\n<h3 class=\"no_margin\">Ze Guo<\/h3>\n<p><sup>a<\/sup>Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China;<\/p>\n<div>Find articles by <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/?term=Guo%20Z%5BAuthor%5D\">Ze Guo<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"_co_idm140452104344688\">\n<h3 class=\"no_margin\">Bingrong Zhou<\/h3>\n<p><sup>a<\/sup>Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China;<\/p>\n<div>Find articles by <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/?term=Zhou%20B%5BAuthor%5D\">Bingrong Zhou<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"_co_idm140452112629360\">\n<h3 class=\"no_margin\">Wei Li<\/h3>\n<p><sup>a<\/sup>Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China;<\/p>\n<div>Find articles by <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/?term=Li%20W%5BAuthor%5D\">Wei Li<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"_co_idm140452104234800\">\n<h3 class=\"no_margin\">Xuejun Sun<\/h3>\n<p><sup>b<\/sup>Department of Diving Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.<\/p>\n<div>Find articles by <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/?term=Sun%20X%5BAuthor%5D\">Xuejun Sun<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"_co_idm140452111903856\">\n<h3 class=\"no_margin\">Dan Luo<\/h3>\n<p><sup>a<\/sup>Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China;<\/p>\n<div>Find articles by <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/?term=Luo%20D%5BAuthor%5D\">Dan Luo<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"half_rhythm\">\n<div class=\"togglers fm-copyright-license\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"pmctoggle\" rid=\"idm140452149635280_ai\">Author information<\/a> <a href=\"#\" class=\"pmctoggle\" rid=\"idm140452149635280_an\">Article notes<\/a> <a href=\"#\" class=\"pmctoggle\" rid=\"idm140452149635280_cpl\">Copyright and License information<\/a> <a href=\"\/pmc\/about\/disclaimer\/\" style=\"margin-left: 1em\">PMC Disclaimer<\/a><\/div>\n<div class=\"fm-authors-info hide half_rhythm\" id=\"idm140452149635280_ai\" style=\"display:none\">\n<div class=\"fm-affl\" id=\"aff1\"><sup>a<\/sup>Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China;<\/div>\n<div class=\"fm-affl\" id=\"aff2\"><sup>b<\/sup>Department of Diving Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.<\/div>\n<div id=\"cor1\">*Corresponding author: Luo Dan, M.D., Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China. Tel\/Fax: +86-25-86796545\/+86-25-86796545, Email: <a href=\"mailto:dev@null\" data-email=\"nc.moc.oohay@5002oulinad\" class=\"oemail\">nc.moc.oohay@5002oulinad<\/a>.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fm-article-notes hide half_rhythm\" id=\"idm140452149635280_an\" style=\"display:none\">\n<div class=\"fm-pubdate half_rhythm\">Received 2011 May 23; Revised 2011 Aug 24; Accepted 2012 Jan 15.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"permissions half_rhythm hide\" id=\"idm140452149635280_cpl\" style=\"display:none\">\n<div class=\"fm-copyright half_rhythm\"><a href=\"\/pmc\/about\/copyright\/\">Copyright<\/a> \u00a9 2012 by the Journal of Biomedical Research. All rights reserved.<\/div>\n<div class=\"license half_rhythm\">This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit <a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/\" data-ga-action=\"click_feat_suppl\" ref=\"reftype=extlink&amp;article-id=3597779&amp;issue-id=220694&amp;journal-id=1958&amp;FROM=Article%7CFront%20Matter&amp;TO=External%7CLink%7CURI\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"pmclinksbox\" class=\"links-box whole_rhythm hidden\" role=\"complementary\" aria-label=\"Related or updated information about this article.\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"sec\"><\/div>\n<div id=\"abstract-a.e.b.q\" lang=\"en\" class=\"tsec sec\">\n<div class=\"goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container\"><span role=\"menubar\"><a class=\"tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading\" href=\"#\" title=\"Go to other sections in this page\" role=\"menuitem\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">Go to:<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"head no_bottom_margin ui-helper-clearfix\" id=\"abstract-a.e.b.qtitle\">Abstract<\/h2>\n<p><!--article-meta--><\/p>\n<div>\n<p class=\"p p-first-last\">Exposure of skin to solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation induces photo-damage. Ultraviolet B (UVB) is the major component of UV radiation which induces the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and plays an important role in photo-damage. Hydrogen gas reduces ROS and alleviates inflammation. In this study, we sought to demonstrate that hydrogen-rich saline has the effect on skin injuries caused by UVB radiation. UVB radiation was irradiated on female C57BL\/6 rats to induce skin injury. Hydrogen-rich saline and nitrogen-rich saline were administered to rats by intraperitoneal injection. Skin damage was detected by microscope after injury. UVB radiation had a significant affection in tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin (IL)-1\u03b2 and IL-6 levels, tissue superoxide dismutase, malondialdehyde and nitric oxide activity. Hydrogen-rich saline had a protective effect by altering the levels of these markers and relieved morphological skin injury. Hydrogen-rich saline protected against UVB radiation injury, possibly by reducing inflammation and oxidative stress.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"sec\"><strong class=\"kwd-title\">Keywords: <\/strong><span class=\"kwd-text\">ultraviolet B, photo-damage, oxidative stress, hydrogen-rich saline, skin<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"s1\" class=\"tsec sec\">\n<div class=\"goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container\"><a class=\"tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading\" href=\"#\" title=\"Go to other sections in this page\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">Go to:<\/a><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"head no_bottom_margin ui-helper-clearfix\" id=\"s1title\">INTRODUCTION<\/h2>\n<p class=\"p p-first-last\">Although solar radiation is essential to human life, solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation, principally in the middle wavelength range (290-320 nm, UVB)<a href=\"#b2\" rid=\"b2\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">[2]<\/a>, can cause skin photo-damage<a href=\"#b1\" rid=\"b1\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">[1]<\/a>. Over the last three decades, it has become increasingly clear that UVB irradiation induces the production of reactive oxygen species (ROSs)<a href=\"#b3\" rid=\"b3\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">[3]<\/a>. Excited electrons in oxygen interact with numerous molecules in the cell that may impact on many important biochemical processes<a href=\"#b4\" rid=\"b4\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">[4]<\/a>\u2013<a href=\"#b5\" rid=\"b5\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">[5]<\/a>. These interactions lead to altered cell growth and differentiation. When generated in excess, ROS can also induce tissue injury and contribute to the development of skin cancer<a href=\"#b6\" rid=\"b6\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">[6]<\/a>,<a href=\"#b7\" rid=\"b7\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">[7]<\/a>. Hydrogen (H<sub>2<\/sub>) is a potent free radical scavenger, which selectively reduces the hydroxyl radical, the most cytotoxic of ROS, and protects against tissue damages such as transient cerebral ischemia, neonatal cerebral hypoxia-ischemia, liver injury and ischemia-reperfusion injury of the heart, lung, intestine and kidney<a href=\"#b8\" rid=\"b8\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">[8]<\/a>\u2013<a href=\"#b14\" rid=\"b14\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">[14]<\/a>. The therapeutic antioxidant activity of H<sub>2<\/sub> depends mainly on its antioxidant properties. The use of H<sub>2<\/sub> gas in clinical practice is advantageous due to its low cost compared with other anti-oxidative agents. However, H<sub>2<\/sub> gas inhalation is difficult to apply because of its flammability and explosion hazards. By contrast, H<sub>2<\/sub> gas-saturated norml saline, which is called hydrogen-rich saline, is easy to apply and safe. By examining the inflammation response and oxidative stress in rats, we investigated whether the administration of H<sub>2<\/sub>-rich saline exerted a protective effect in a animal model of UVB radiation injury in the current study.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"s2\" class=\"tsec sec\">\n<div class=\"goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container\"><a class=\"tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading\" href=\"#\" title=\"Go to other sections in this page\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">Go to:<\/a><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"head no_bottom_margin ui-helper-clearfix\" id=\"s2title\">Materials and methods<\/h2>\n<div id=\"s2a\" class=\"sec sec-first\">\n<h3 id=\"s2atitle\">Animals<\/h3>\n<p class=\"p p-first-last\">Adult female C57BL\/6 rats, weighing from 220 to 250 g, were obtained from the Experimental Animal House of Nanjing Medical University (Nanjing, China) and housed in environmentally controlled conditions (22\u00b0C, a 12 h light\/dark cycle with the light cycle from 6:00 to 18:00 and the dark cycle from 18:00 to 6:00) with ad libitum access to standard laboratory chow and water. Before their exposure to UVB irradiation, rats were allowed 48 h to adapt to their new environment. The study protocol was approved by the local institutional review board in the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University. Animal welfare and experimental procedures were carried out strictly in accordance with the Guide for Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (National Research Council of USA, 1996). A depilatory was used to remove the pelage from the back of the rats.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"s2b\" class=\"sec\">\n<h3 id=\"s2btitle\">Production of hydrogen-rich saline<\/h3>\n<p class=\"p p-first-last\">H<sub>2<\/sub>-rich saline and nitrogen-rich saline were prepared by dissolving H<sub>2<\/sub> and nitrogen in normal saline under high pressure (0.4 MPa) for 6 h to obtain supersaturated saline. The saturated H<sub>2<\/sub> saline was stored under atmospheric pressure at 4\u00b0C in an aluminum bag with no dead volume. We used gamma irradiation to sterilize both H<sub>2<\/sub>-rich saline and nitrogen-rich saline. H<sub>2<\/sub>-rich saline was prepared freshly every week to ensure that the concentration was maintained at more than 0.6 mmol\/L. Gas chromatography was used to confirm the content of hydrogen in saline as described by Ohsawa <em>et al<\/em><a href=\"#b9\" rid=\"b9\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">[9]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"s2c\" class=\"sec\">\n<h3 id=\"s2ctitle\">Animal grouping and UVB irradiation<\/h3>\n<p class=\"p p-first-last\">The rats were divided into four groups with 8 rats per group. In the control group, rats received normal feed only; in the UVB irradiation group, rats received UVB irradiation at 180 mJ\/cm<sup>2<\/sup> delivered an irradiation device (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) which used a Philips TL\/12 UVB light tube. In the H<sub>2<\/sub>-rich saline group, rats were injected with H<sub>2<\/sub> gas-saturated normal saline at 5 mL\/kg 10 min before and 8 h after irradiation. In the nitrogen-rich saline group, rats received an intraperitoneal injection of nitrogen-rich saline at 5 mL\/kg 10 min before and 8 h after UVB irradiation. An UVB digital radiometer (Sigma-Aldrich) was used to confirm the dosage of UVB irradiation. The dose of UVB irradiation was based on our preiovus studies<a href=\"#b15\" rid=\"b15\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">[15]<\/a>\u2013<a href=\"#b17\" rid=\"b17\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">[17]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"s2d\" class=\"sec\">\n<h3 id=\"s2dtitle\">Light microscopy<\/h3>\n<p class=\"p p-first-last\">After rats were sacrificed, dorsal skin tissues were removed and fixed in 10% formaldehyde, and embedded in paraffin and stained with hematoxylin and eosin and examined under an Olympus BX50 microscope (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"s2e\" class=\"sec\">\n<h3 id=\"s2etitle\">Measurement of superoxide dismutase and malondialdehyde<\/h3>\n<p class=\"p p-first-last\">Rat dorsal skin tissues were stored immediately at -80\u00b0C and were homogenized before experiments. The homogenate was centrifuged at 1,084 <em>g<\/em> for 10 min, and the protein content in the supernatant was determined by Coomassie brilliant blue staining. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was determined using a commercially avaialbe kit (Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute, Nanjing, China) according to the manufacturer&#8217;s instructions and expressed as vital units (U) in the skin tissue, which were defined as the amount of SOD per 1 mg tissue protein in 1 mL reaction solution when the SOD inhibition ratio was at 50%. The quantitative malondialdehyde (MDA) assay was performed as described by Ohkawa <em>et al<\/em>. <a href=\"#b18\" rid=\"b18\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">[18]<\/a>, and MDA was measured spectrophotometrically at 532 nm.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"s2f\" class=\"sec\">\n<h3 id=\"s2ftitle\">Measurement of nitric oxide<\/h3>\n<p class=\"p p-first-last\">The skin tissue was homogenized as described above for SOD. Nitric oxide (NO) was spectrophotometrically assayed by measuring the accumulation of its stable degradation products, nitrate and nitrite. For accurate assessment of the total NO generated, nitrate was converted into nitrite by nitrate reductase, followed by the quantitation of nitrite using Griess reagent. NO was estimated by means of the total nitrite formed using a colorimetric NO assay kit (Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute, Nanjing, China).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"s2g\" class=\"sec\">\n<h3 id=\"s2gtitle\">Cytokine determination<\/h3>\n<p class=\"p p-first-last\">Blood samples were drawn from the heart of the rats and centrifuged at 1,084 <em>g<\/em> for 15 min to obtain serum. Cytokine levels in the serum were determined using highly sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits (R&amp;D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA) according to the manufacturer&#8217;s recommendations.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"s2h\" class=\"sec sec-last\">\n<h3 id=\"s2htitle\">Statistical analysis<\/h3>\n<p class=\"p p-first-last\">Data were expressed as mean\u00b1SD for each group. We used the SPSS for Windows Version 16.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) to analyze the data. A <em>P<\/em> value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"s3\" class=\"tsec sec\">\n<div class=\"goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container\"><a class=\"tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading\" href=\"#\" title=\"Go to other sections in this page\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">Go to:<\/a><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"head no_bottom_margin ui-helper-clearfix\" id=\"s3title\">RESULTS<\/h2>\n<div id=\"s3a\" class=\"sec sec-first\">\n<h3 id=\"s3atitle\">H<sub>2<\/sub>-rich saline treatment attenuates neutrophil infiltration<\/h3>\n<p class=\"p p-first\">We used hematoxylin and eosin (H&amp;E) staining to observe the degree of inflammatory reaction in the skin tissue. Neutrophil infiltration is the typical characteristic of an acute inflammatory reaction. After UVB irradiation, massive neutrophil infiltration was found in the skin tissue, principally in the hypodermis (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3597779\/figure\/jbr-26-05-365-g001\/\" target=\"figure\" class=\"fig-table-link figpopup\" rid-figpopup=\"jbr-26-05-365-g001\" rid-ob=\"ob-jbr-26-05-365-g001\" co-legend-rid=\"lgnd_jbr-26-05-365-g001\" rel=\"noopener\"><span><strong><em>Fig. 1A<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/a> and <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3597779\/figure\/jbr-26-05-365-g001\/\" target=\"figure\" class=\"fig-table-link figpopup\" rid-figpopup=\"jbr-26-05-365-g001\" rid-ob=\"ob-jbr-26-05-365-g001\" co-legend-rid=\"lgnd_jbr-26-05-365-g001\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"position: relative;text-decoration:none;\">\u200b<span class=\"figpopup-sensitive-area\" style=\"left: -0em;\"><strong><em>1B<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/span><span><strong><em>1B<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/a><\/em>). However, after intraperitoneal injection of hydrogen-rich saline, neutrophil infiltration was not as great (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3597779\/figure\/jbr-26-05-365-g001\/\" target=\"figure\" class=\"fig-table-link figpopup\" rid-figpopup=\"jbr-26-05-365-g001\" rid-ob=\"ob-jbr-26-05-365-g001\" co-legend-rid=\"lgnd_jbr-26-05-365-g001\" rel=\"noopener\"><span><strong><em>Fig. 1A<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/a> and <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3597779\/figure\/jbr-26-05-365-g001\/\" target=\"figure\" class=\"fig-table-link figpopup\" rid-figpopup=\"jbr-26-05-365-g001\" rid-ob=\"ob-jbr-26-05-365-g001\" co-legend-rid=\"lgnd_jbr-26-05-365-g001\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"position: relative;text-decoration:none;\">\u200b<span class=\"figpopup-sensitive-area\" style=\"left: -0em;\"><strong><em>1B<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/span><span><strong><em>1B<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/a><\/em>). Administration of nitrogen-rich saline did not reduce neutrophil infiltration (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3597779\/figure\/jbr-26-05-365-g001\/\" target=\"figure\" class=\"fig-table-link figpopup\" rid-figpopup=\"jbr-26-05-365-g001\" rid-ob=\"ob-jbr-26-05-365-g001\" co-legend-rid=\"lgnd_jbr-26-05-365-g001\" rel=\"noopener\"><span><strong><em>Fig. 1A<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/a> and <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3597779\/figure\/jbr-26-05-365-g001\/\" target=\"figure\" class=\"fig-table-link figpopup\" rid-figpopup=\"jbr-26-05-365-g001\" rid-ob=\"ob-jbr-26-05-365-g001\" co-legend-rid=\"lgnd_jbr-26-05-365-g001\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"position: relative;text-decoration:none;\">\u200b<span class=\"figpopup-sensitive-area\" style=\"left: -0em;\"><strong><em>1D<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/span><span><strong><em>1D<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/a><\/em>). We used light microscope to observe the degree of inflammation in mouse skin tissue, and three visual fields were chosen from every section to calculate the number of inflammatory cells and a mean value was obtained (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3597779\/figure\/jbr-26-05-365-g001\/\" target=\"figure\" class=\"fig-table-link figpopup\" rid-figpopup=\"jbr-26-05-365-g001\" rid-ob=\"ob-jbr-26-05-365-g001\" co-legend-rid=\"lgnd_jbr-26-05-365-g001\" rel=\"noopener\"><span><strong><em>Fig. 1B<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/a>). There was a statistical difference between group b and group c, and no statistical difference was noted in skin thickness between the four groups (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3597779\/figure\/jbr-26-05-365-g001\/\" target=\"figure\" class=\"fig-table-link figpopup\" rid-figpopup=\"jbr-26-05-365-g001\" rid-ob=\"ob-jbr-26-05-365-g001\" co-legend-rid=\"lgnd_jbr-26-05-365-g001\" rel=\"noopener\"><span><strong><em>Fig. 1C<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/a>).<\/p>\n<p><!--fig ft0--><!--fig mode=article f1--><\/p>\n<div class=\"fig iconblock whole_rhythm\" id=\"jbr-26-05-365-g001\" co-legend-rid=\"lgnd_jbr-26-05-365-g001\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3597779\/figure\/jbr-26-05-365-g001\/\" target=\"figure\" rid-figpopup=\"jbr-26-05-365-g001\" rid-ob=\"ob-jbr-26-05-365-g001\" rel=\"noopener\"><!--fig\/graphic|fig\/alternatives\/graphic mode=\"anchored\" m1--><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"figure\" data-largeobj=\"\" data-largeobj-link-rid=\"largeobj_idm140452114684624\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3597779\/figure\/jbr-26-05-365-g001\/\" target=\"figure\" rid-figpopup=\"jbr-26-05-365-g001\" rid-ob=\"ob-jbr-26-05-365-g001\" rel=\"noopener\"><\/a><a class=\"inline_block ts_canvas\" href=\"\/core\/lw\/2.0\/html\/tileshop_pmc\/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Click%20on%20image%20to%20zoom&amp;p=PMC3&amp;id=3597779_jbr-26-05-365-g001.jpg\" target=\"tileshopwindow\" rel=\"noopener\"><\/p>\n<div class=\"ts_bar small\" title=\"Click on image to zoom\"><\/div>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc.\nObject name is jbr-26-05-365-g001.jpg\" title=\"Click on image to zoom\" class=\"tileshop\" src=\"https:\/\/hho-bulgaria.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/jbr-26-05-365-g001.jpg\"><\/a><\/div>\n<div class=\"largeobj-link align_right\" id=\"largeobj_idm140452114684624\" style=\"display: none;\"><a target=\"object\" rel=\"noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3597779\/figure\/jbr-26-05-365-g001\/?report=objectonly\">Open in a separate window<\/a><\/div>\n<div class=\"icnblk_cntnt\" id=\"lgnd_jbr-26-05-365-g001\">\n<div><a class=\"figpopup\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3597779\/figure\/jbr-26-05-365-g001\/\" target=\"figure\" rid-figpopup=\"jbr-26-05-365-g001\" rid-ob=\"ob-jbr-26-05-365-g001\" rel=\"noopener\">Fig. 1<\/a><\/div>\n<p><!--caption a7--><\/p>\n<div class=\"caption\"><!--caption a8--><strong>Morphologic observations of rat skin treated by UVB combined with H<sub>2<\/sub>-rich saline or nitrogen-rich saline.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The skin tissue was stained with H&amp;E (\u00d7200). A: the control group received no treatment. B: rats subjected to UVB irradiation. C: Rats were irradiated by UVB and injected with H<sub>2<\/sub>-rich saline. D: Rats were irradiated by UVB and injected with nitrogen-rich saline. The number of inflammatory cells in group A to D is shown in E. Skin thickness in group A to D is shown in F. Data are expressed as mean\u00b1SD, <em>n<\/em> = 8 per group. *<em>P<\/em> &lt; 0.05.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"s3b\" class=\"sec\">\n<h3 id=\"s3btitle\">H<sub>2<\/sub>-rich saline treatment decreases production of proinflammatory cytokines<\/h3>\n<p class=\"p p-first\">As shown in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3597779\/figure\/jbr-26-05-365-g002\/\" target=\"figure\" class=\"fig-table-link figpopup\" rid-figpopup=\"jbr-26-05-365-g002\" rid-ob=\"ob-jbr-26-05-365-g002\" co-legend-rid=\"lgnd_jbr-26-05-365-g002\" rel=\"noopener\"><span><strong><em>Fig. 2<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/a> and <strong><em>Table 1<\/em><\/strong>, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-\u03b1), interleukin (IL)-1\u03b2 and IL-6 were also detected in serum. These proteins were significantly increased after UVB irradiation compared with the control group. Administration of H<sub>2<\/sub>-rich saline intraperitoneally lowered the UVB irradiation-induced elevation of TNF-\u03b1, IL-1\u03b2 and IL-6 serum concentrations. No significant reduction of these markers was observed in nitrogen-rich saline.<\/p>\n<p><!--fig ft0--><!--fig mode=article f1--><\/p>\n<div class=\"fig iconblock whole_rhythm\" id=\"jbr-26-05-365-g002\" co-legend-rid=\"lgnd_jbr-26-05-365-g002\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3597779\/figure\/jbr-26-05-365-g002\/\" target=\"figure\" rid-figpopup=\"jbr-26-05-365-g002\" rid-ob=\"ob-jbr-26-05-365-g002\" rel=\"noopener\"><!--fig\/graphic|fig\/alternatives\/graphic mode=\"anchored\" m1--><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"figure\" data-largeobj=\"\" data-largeobj-link-rid=\"largeobj_idm140452105551568\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3597779\/figure\/jbr-26-05-365-g002\/\" target=\"figure\" rid-figpopup=\"jbr-26-05-365-g002\" rid-ob=\"ob-jbr-26-05-365-g002\" rel=\"noopener\"><\/a><a class=\"inline_block ts_canvas\" href=\"\/core\/lw\/2.0\/html\/tileshop_pmc\/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Click%20on%20image%20to%20zoom&amp;p=PMC3&amp;id=3597779_jbr-26-05-365-g002.jpg\" target=\"tileshopwindow\" rel=\"noopener\"><\/p>\n<div class=\"ts_bar small\" title=\"Click on image to zoom\"><\/div>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc.\nObject name is jbr-26-05-365-g002.jpg\" title=\"Click on image to zoom\" class=\"tileshop\" src=\"https:\/\/hho-bulgaria.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/jbr-26-05-365-g002.jpg\"><\/a><\/div>\n<div class=\"largeobj-link align_right\" id=\"largeobj_idm140452105551568\" style=\"display: none;\"><a target=\"object\" rel=\"noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3597779\/figure\/jbr-26-05-365-g002\/?report=objectonly\">Open in a separate window<\/a><\/div>\n<div class=\"icnblk_cntnt\" id=\"lgnd_jbr-26-05-365-g002\">\n<div><a class=\"figpopup\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3597779\/figure\/jbr-26-05-365-g002\/\" target=\"figure\" rid-figpopup=\"jbr-26-05-365-g002\" rid-ob=\"ob-jbr-26-05-365-g002\" rel=\"noopener\">Fig. 2<\/a><\/div>\n<p><!--caption a7--><\/p>\n<div class=\"caption\"><!--caption a8--><strong>Serum concentrations of TNF-\u03b1, IL-1\u03b2 and IL-6 in controls, UVB irradiated rats, and UVB irradiated rats treated with H<sub>2<\/sub>-rich saline or nitrogen-rich saline.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>*<em>P<\/em> &lt; 0.05.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"s3c\" class=\"sec sec-last\">\n<h3 id=\"s3ctitle\">H<sub>2<\/sub>-rich saline reduces oxidative stress<\/h3>\n<p class=\"p p-first\">SOD, MDA and NO activities as indicators of oxidative stress are shown in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3597779\/figure\/jbr-26-05-365-g003\/\" target=\"figure\" class=\"fig-table-link figpopup\" rid-figpopup=\"jbr-26-05-365-g003\" rid-ob=\"ob-jbr-26-05-365-g003\" co-legend-rid=\"lgnd_jbr-26-05-365-g003\" rel=\"noopener\"><span><strong><em>Fig. 3<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/a>. The group without treatment showed the highest levels of SOD and the lowest MDA and NO expression. Rats subjected to UVB irradiation alone showed a significant decrease of SOD activities compared with the control group (UVB <em>vs<\/em> Control: 33.48\u00b14.28 <em>vs<\/em> 52.43\u00b16.56, <em>P<\/em> &lt; 0.05). The group that received H<sub>2<\/sub>-rich saline treatment showed a significant increased in SOD activities compared to the untreated irradiated group (51.81\u00b15.67 <em>vs<\/em> 33.48\u00b14.28, <em>P<\/em> &lt; 0.05). The nitrogen-rich saline group showed no noticeable decrease in SOD activity (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3597779\/figure\/jbr-26-05-365-g003\/\" target=\"figure\" class=\"fig-table-link figpopup\" rid-figpopup=\"jbr-26-05-365-g003\" rid-ob=\"ob-jbr-26-05-365-g003\" co-legend-rid=\"lgnd_jbr-26-05-365-g003\" rel=\"noopener\"><span><strong><em>Fig. 3A<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/a>). UVB radiation injury caused a significant increase of MDA in the untreated group more than the control group (10.69\u00b10.72 <em>vs<\/em> 2.5\u00b10.6, <em>P<\/em> &lt; 0.01).<\/p>\n<p><!--fig ft0--><!--fig mode=article f1--><\/p>\n<div class=\"fig iconblock whole_rhythm\" id=\"jbr-26-05-365-g003\" co-legend-rid=\"lgnd_jbr-26-05-365-g003\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3597779\/figure\/jbr-26-05-365-g003\/\" target=\"figure\" rid-figpopup=\"jbr-26-05-365-g003\" rid-ob=\"ob-jbr-26-05-365-g003\" rel=\"noopener\"><!--fig\/graphic|fig\/alternatives\/graphic mode=\"anchored\" m1--><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"figure\" data-largeobj=\"\" data-largeobj-link-rid=\"largeobj_idm140452105659888\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3597779\/figure\/jbr-26-05-365-g003\/\" target=\"figure\" rid-figpopup=\"jbr-26-05-365-g003\" rid-ob=\"ob-jbr-26-05-365-g003\" rel=\"noopener\"><\/a><a class=\"inline_block ts_canvas\" href=\"\/core\/lw\/2.0\/html\/tileshop_pmc\/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Click%20on%20image%20to%20zoom&amp;p=PMC3&amp;id=3597779_jbr-26-05-365-g003.jpg\" target=\"tileshopwindow\" rel=\"noopener\"><\/p>\n<div class=\"ts_bar small\" title=\"Click on image to zoom\"><\/div>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc.\nObject name is jbr-26-05-365-g003.jpg\" title=\"Click on image to zoom\" class=\"tileshop\" src=\"https:\/\/hho-bulgaria.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/jbr-26-05-365-g003.jpg\"><\/a><\/div>\n<div class=\"largeobj-link align_right\" id=\"largeobj_idm140452105659888\" style=\"display: none;\"><a target=\"object\" rel=\"noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3597779\/figure\/jbr-26-05-365-g003\/?report=objectonly\">Open in a separate window<\/a><\/div>\n<div class=\"icnblk_cntnt\" id=\"lgnd_jbr-26-05-365-g003\">\n<div><a class=\"figpopup\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3597779\/figure\/jbr-26-05-365-g003\/\" target=\"figure\" rid-figpopup=\"jbr-26-05-365-g003\" rid-ob=\"ob-jbr-26-05-365-g003\" rel=\"noopener\">Fig. 3<\/a><\/div>\n<p><!--caption a7--><\/p>\n<div class=\"caption\"><!--caption a8--><strong>Skin superoxide dismutase (SOD), mucosal malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) level in controls, UVB irradiated rats, and UVB irradiated rats treated with hydrogen-rich saline or nitrogen-rich saline.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Data are expressed as mean\u00b1SD for at least triplicate independent experiments (<em>n<\/em> = 8 per group). *<em>P<\/em> &lt; 0.05.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"p p-last\">Administration of H<sub>2<\/sub>-rich saline resulted in a marked reduction of MDA levels compared to the untreated group (3.39\u00b10.71 <em>vs<\/em> 10.69\u00b10.72, <em>P<\/em> &lt; 0.01). Nitrogen-rich saline did not reduce the MDA level significantly (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3597779\/figure\/jbr-26-05-365-g003\/\" target=\"figure\" class=\"fig-table-link figpopup\" rid-figpopup=\"jbr-26-05-365-g003\" rid-ob=\"ob-jbr-26-05-365-g003\" co-legend-rid=\"lgnd_jbr-26-05-365-g003\" rel=\"noopener\"><span><strong><em>Fig. 3B<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/a>). Similar results were obtained for NO. The group treated with H<sub>2<\/sub>-rich saline showed the most significant increase of NO levels compared to the untreated group (58.48\u00b16.38 <em>vs<\/em> 100.2\u00b19.56, <em>P<\/em> &lt; 0.01). Nitrogen-rich saline did not reduce NO levels significantly (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3597779\/figure\/jbr-26-05-365-g003\/\" target=\"figure\" class=\"fig-table-link figpopup\" rid-figpopup=\"jbr-26-05-365-g003\" rid-ob=\"ob-jbr-26-05-365-g003\" co-legend-rid=\"lgnd_jbr-26-05-365-g003\" rel=\"noopener\"><span><strong><em>Fig. 3C<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/a>).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"s4\" class=\"tsec sec\">\n<div class=\"goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container\"><a class=\"tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading\" href=\"#\" title=\"Go to other sections in this page\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">Go to:<\/a><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"head no_bottom_margin ui-helper-clearfix\" id=\"s4title\">DISCUSSION<\/h2>\n<p class=\"p p-first\">This is the first study on the use of H<sub>2<\/sub>-rich saline to alleviate acute UVB radiation injury in an animal model. We successfully established an acute UVB injury model and found that H<sub>2<\/sub>-rich saline had therapeutic antioxidant activity in this model. We principally investigated the effect of H<sub>2<\/sub>-rich saline on oxidative stress and inflammation.<\/p>\n<p>After absorbing UV radiation, molecules may become altered (damaged) and\/or affect (damage) other molecules, e.g. by producing ROS. Thus, UV radiation, especially in the high-energy, short wavelength range, forms a direct threat to the stability of organic molecules that are essential to life on earth. Both UVB and UVA radiation can cause ROS generation and ROS-mediated damage<a href=\"#b19\" rid=\"b19\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">[19]<\/a>. This damage appears to arise indirectly through UV absorption by other \u201cendogeneous photosensitizers\u201d, which then form radicals that can react with DNA. ROSs appear to play a prominent role in these radical reactions<a href=\"#b20\" rid=\"b20\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">[20]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>By histochemical staining, we found that H<sub>2<\/sub>-rich saline decreased neutrophil infiltration, a typical indicator of an acute inflammatory reaction. In skin tissue subjected to UVB irradiation, activated inflammatory cells induce tissue injury mainly through the production and release of ROSs<a href=\"#b21\" rid=\"b21\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">[21]<\/a>\u2013<a href=\"#b23\" rid=\"b23\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">[23]<\/a>. After UVB irradiation of skin tissue, we found massive neutrophil infiltration, principally in the hypodermis. However, with intraperitoneal injection of H<sub>2<\/sub>-rich saline, neutrophil infiltration was not as apparent. Nitrogen-rich saline produced no significant reduction of inflammation. The severity of inflammation were was graded semi-quantitatively by light microscopy, and we can conclude from the data that H<sub>2<\/sub>-rich saline can reduce the infiltration of neutrophils. These results are consistent with those of a published study on rat intestine<a href=\"#b24\" rid=\"b24\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">[24]<\/a>. We did not find any statistical difference in skin thickness between these groups, suggesting that the thickening of skin tissue caused by edema was not achieved by a single dose of UVB irradiation<a href=\"#b25\" rid=\"b25\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">[25]<\/a>,<a href=\"#b26\" rid=\"b26\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">[26]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>The role of H<sub>2<\/sub>-rich saline in ameliorating UVB-induced inflammatory response is supported by the finding of higher levels of proinflammatory cytokines TNF-\u03b1, IL-1\u03b2 and IL-6. Elevation of these cytokines can cause inflammatory cell infiltration into damaged tissues<a href=\"#b27\" rid=\"b27\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">[27]<\/a>. UVB irradiation of rat skin caused a significant elevation of TNF-\u03b1, IL-1\u03b2 and IL-6 in serum, which was reduced by H<sub>2<\/sub>-rich saline administration. This suggests that H<sub>2<\/sub>-rich saline treatment may protect against acute UVB damage by inhibiting skin inflammatory response.<\/p>\n<p>Oxidative damage plays an important role in UVB radiation injury by damaging DNA, inactivating enzymes, causing damage to the structure and function of cell membranes, and killing certain cells, ultimately leading to cell aging and degradation<a href=\"#b28\" rid=\"b28\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">[28]<\/a>. Direct UVB radiation of fibroblasts can produce oxygen free radicals, which attack polyunsaturated fatty acids on the cell membrane, leading to lipid peroxidation and the formation of lipid peroxidation products, thereby causing cell damage<a href=\"#b29\" rid=\"b29\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">[29]<\/a>. SOD activity can reflect the body&#8217;s ability to eliminate oxygen free radicals. MDA is produced during the attack of free radicals on membrane lipoproteins and polyunsaturated fatty acids, and MDA levels can reflect the local extent of lipid peroxidation and cell injury. MDA levels are often comparable to those of SOD, and both were associated with oxidative skin tissue damage in our animal model. NO, which mediates the pathological function of such factors as endotoxin, TNF-\u03b1, IL-1\u03b2 and IL-6, was also increased in our study.<\/p>\n<p>We found that H<sub>2<\/sub>-rich saline might reduce oxidative stress by altering the expression of these factors, which might be another protective mechanism<a href=\"#b30\" rid=\"b30\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">[30]<\/a>. In several recent studies, H<sub>2<\/sub> inhalation has been reported to protect against ischemia-reperfusion injury by reducing oxidative stress in animal models<a href=\"#b10\" rid=\"b10\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">[10]<\/a>,<a href=\"#b11\" rid=\"b11\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">[11]<\/a>. Nagata showed that, in mice subjected to prolonged physical restraint, drinking hydrogen-rich water can reduce oxidative stress in the brain and prevent stress-induced declines in learning and memory<a href=\"#b31\" rid=\"b31\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">[31]<\/a>. Furthermore, lipid and glucose metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance can be reduced by drinking hydrogen-rich water<a href=\"#b32\" rid=\"b32\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">[32]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>In this study, we demonstrated that molecular hydrogen might reduce inflammation and oxidative stress in the skin after UVB irradiation. Injection of H<sub>2<\/sub>-rich saline into the skin following UVB irradiation is safe and easy to administer in clinical use. We tested the effects of nitrogen-rich saline on our UVB irradiation model. Nitrogen-rich saline, which is also a deoxygenated solution, was prepared in the same way as H<sub>2<\/sub>-rich saline. Nitrogen-rich saline treatment did not reduce oxidative stress or the inflammatory response following UVB irradiation, suggesting that the observed protection conferred by H<sub>2<\/sub>-rich saline was mediated via an antioxidant action.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p p-last\">In conclusion, intraperitoneal injection of H<sub>2<\/sub>-rich saline protected rat skin tissue against UVB radiation injury, possibly by reduction of inflammation and oxidative stress. Other methods of administration, such as local application, should be considered, but the most suitable carrier for H<sub>2<\/sub>-rich saline is still under research. It also remains to be determined whether H<sub>2<\/sub>-rich saline can delay skin aging caused by UV radiation through reducing ROS and the inflammatory reaction<a href=\"#b26\" rid=\"b26\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">[26]<\/a>,<a href=\"#b33\" rid=\"b33\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">[33]<\/a>,<a href=\"#b34\" rid=\"b34\" class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">[34]<\/a>. The exact mechanism and signaling pathway involved in the protective role of H<sub>2<\/sub> against UVB radiation injury will be addressed in future studies.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fn-group-a.g.a\" class=\"tsec sec\">\n<div class=\"goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container\"><a class=\"tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading\" href=\"#\" title=\"Go to other sections in this page\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">Go to:<\/a><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"head no_bottom_margin ui-helper-clearfix\" id=\"fn-group-a.g.atitle\">Footnotes<\/h2>\n<p><!--back\/fn-group--><\/p>\n<div class=\"fm-sec half_rhythm small\">\n<p class=\"fn sec\" id=\"fn-a.g.a.a\">\n<p class=\"p p-first-last\">The authors reported no conflict of interest.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"ref-list-a.g.b\" class=\"tsec sec\">\n<div class=\"goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container\"><a class=\"tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading\" href=\"#\" title=\"Go to other sections in this page\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">Go to:<\/a><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"head no_bottom_margin ui-helper-clearfix\" id=\"ref-list-a.g.btitle\">References<\/h2>\n<div class=\"ref-list-sec sec\" id=\"reference-list\">\n<div class=\"ref-cit-blk half_rhythm\" id=\"b1\">1. <span class=\"element-citation\">Fisher GJ, Wang ZQ, Datta SC, Varani J, Kang S, Voorhees JJ. 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Apoptosis, the role of oxidative stress and the example of solar UV radiation. <span><span class=\"ref-journal\">Photochem Photobiol. <\/span>1999;<span class=\"ref-vol\">70<\/span>:380\u201390.<\/span> [<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/10546543\" ref=\"reftype=pubmed&amp;article-id=3597779&amp;issue-id=220694&amp;journal-id=1958&amp;FROM=Article%7CCitationRef&amp;TO=Entrez%7CPubMed%7CRecord\">PubMed<\/a>] <span class=\"nowrap\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?journal=Photochem+Photobiol&amp;title=Apoptosis,+the+role+of+oxidative+stress+and+the+example+of+solar+UV+radiation&amp;author=C+Pourzand&amp;author=RM+Tyrrell&amp;volume=70&amp;publication_year=1999&amp;pages=380-90&amp;pmid=10546543&amp;\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" ref=\"reftype=other&amp;article-id=3597779&amp;issue-id=220694&amp;journal-id=1958&amp;FROM=Article%7CCitationRef&amp;TO=Content%20Provider%7CLink%7CGoogle%20Scholar\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"true\">Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"display: none; width: 200px; top: -100px; left: -100px;\" aria-live=\"assertive\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"ui-helper-reset ui-ncbipopper-wrapper ui-ncbilinksmenu\">\n<ul id=\"ui-ncbiinpagenav-2\">\n<li><a href=\"#abstract-a.e.b.qtitle\">Abstract<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s1title\">INTRODUCTION<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s2title\">Materials and methods<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s3title\">RESULTS<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#s4title\">DISCUSSION<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#fn-group-a.g.atitle\">Footnotes<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#ref-list-a.g.btitle\">References<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Hydrogen-rich saline protects against ultraviolet B radiation injury in rats<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":17899,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[130],"tags":[],"disease":[863],"body-organ":[1028],"applications":[682],"test_subjects":[1517],"report-topic":[1328],"class_list":["post-27596","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-hydrogen-health","disease-radioprotection-2","body-organ-skin-2","applications-injection-2","test_subjects-rat-2","report-topic-uv-radiation-2"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>H2-rich saline shields against UVB damage<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Hydrogen-rich saline protects against ultraviolet B radiation injury in rats\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, 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